feat(outputs.heartbeat): Add status evaluation

[srebhan]

Summary

This PR adds a heartbeat output plugin sending heartbearts via POST to a HTTP endpoint with a regular interval. The plugin allows to send additional information about the Telegraf instance.

Checklist

• No AI generated code was used in this PR

Related issues

based on #17998
based on #18050
based on #18062
resolves #17303

[sanderson]

@srebhan This looks great! I found some typos in the docs, but I love the status evaluation implementation. This is going to be super helpful. Thanks for this!

[telegraf-tiger]

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Artifact URLs

. DEB	. RPM	. TAR . GZ	. ZIP
amd64.deb	aarch64.rpm	darwin_amd64.tar.gz	windows_amd64.zip
arm64.deb	armel.rpm	darwin_arm64.tar.gz	windows_arm64.zip
armel.deb	armv6hl.rpm	freebsd_amd64.tar.gz	windows_i386.zip
armhf.deb	i386.rpm	freebsd_armv7.tar.gz
i386.deb	ppc64le.rpm	freebsd_i386.tar.gz
mips.deb	riscv64.rpm	linux_amd64.tar.gz
mipsel.deb	s390x.rpm	linux_arm64.tar.gz
ppc64el.deb	x86_64.rpm	linux_armel.tar.gz
riscv64.deb		linux_armhf.tar.gz
s390x.deb		linux_i386.tar.gz
		linux_mips.tar.gz
		linux_mipsel.tar.gz
		linux_ppc64le.tar.gz
		linux_riscv64.tar.gz
		linux_s390x.tar.gz