Validate tracking phase and residual inputs

[FlorianPfaff]

Summary:

• Validate numeric tracking, velocity, component-filter, and frame-index settings.
• Validate residual noise, render geometry, phase coordinate, registration, and smoothing settings.
• Reject fractional/nonfinite values before they can silently alter detections, tracking, or rendered backgrounds.

Verification:

• python -m pytest
• python -m ruff check beltmap scripts tests
• git diff --check

[github-actions]

✅MegaLinter analysis: Success

Descriptor	Linter	Files	Fixed	Errors	Warnings	Elapsed time
✅ ACTION	actionlint	8		0	0	0.56s
✅ COPYPASTE	jscpd	yes		no	no	7.05s
✅ MARKDOWN	markdownlint	19	0	0	0	2.12s
✅ PYTHON	ruff	127	0	0	0	0.33s
✅ REPOSITORY	git_diff	yes		no	no	0.02s
✅ YAML	prettier	10	0	0	0	1.08s
✅ YAML	v8r	10		0	0	5.05s
✅ YAML	yamllint	10		0	0	1.07s

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