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Add 4GST phenology metrics #4405

Description

@morobking

The Four Growing Season Types (4GST) method describes the behaviour of vegetation based on the leaf area index (LAI) at the site across a year. It is described here: Peano, D. et al. (2019). Global variability of simulated and observed vegetation growing season. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 124, 3569–3587.

This diagnostic will use LAI data to return which of the four types:

  1. Evergreen
  2. Single (summer) growing season
  3. Single (winter) growing season
  4. Two growing seasons

Possible extensions include onset and offset dates.

Initial work is to use Copernicus LAI and CMIP6 models, later extend to use CCI LAI when version 2 of that dataset is available.

This is work for ESA CMUG WPs 4.3, 5.2 and 5.9.

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