diff --git a/Sources/SQLiteData/CloudKit/CloudKit+StructuredQueries.swift b/Sources/SQLiteData/CloudKit/CloudKit+StructuredQueries.swift
index 7533a371..a6b216da 100644
--- a/Sources/SQLiteData/CloudKit/CloudKit+StructuredQueries.swift
+++ b/Sources/SQLiteData/CloudKit/CloudKit+StructuredQueries.swift
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@
       queryOutput.encodeSystemFields(with: archiver)
       if isTesting {
         archiver.encode(queryOutput._recordChangeTag, forKey: "_recordChangeTag")
+        archiver.encode(queryOutput._modificationDate, forKey: "_modificationDate")
         if queryOutput is CKShare {
           archiver.encode(queryOutput[CKShare.SystemFieldKey.title], forKey: CKShare.SystemFieldKey.title)
         }
@@ -58,6 +59,9 @@
         queryOutput._recordChangeTag =
           coder
           .decodeObject(of: NSNumber.self, forKey: "_recordChangeTag")?.intValue
+        queryOutput._modificationDate =
+          coder
+          .decodeObject(of: NSDate.self, forKey: "_modificationDate") as Date?
         if queryOutput is CKShare {
           queryOutput[CKShare.SystemFieldKey.title] = coder
             .decodeObject(of: NSString.self, forKey: CKShare.SystemFieldKey.title)
@@ -77,6 +81,10 @@
       queryOutput.encode(with: archiver)
       if isTesting {
         archiver.encode(queryOutput._recordChangeTag, forKey: "_recordChangeTag")
+        archiver.encode(queryOutput._modificationDate, forKey: "_modificationDate")
+        if queryOutput is CKShare {
+          archiver.encode(queryOutput[CKShare.SystemFieldKey.title], forKey: CKShare.SystemFieldKey.title)
+        }
       }
       return archiver.encodedData.queryBinding
     }
@@ -104,6 +112,13 @@
         queryOutput._recordChangeTag =
           coder
           .decodeObject(of: NSNumber.self, forKey: "_recordChangeTag")?.intValue
+        queryOutput._modificationDate =
+          coder
+          .decodeObject(of: NSDate.self, forKey: "_modificationDate") as Date?
+        if queryOutput is CKShare {
+          queryOutput[CKShare.SystemFieldKey.title] = coder
+            .decodeObject(of: NSString.self, forKey: CKShare.SystemFieldKey.title)
+        }
       }
       self.init(queryOutput: queryOutput)
     }
@@ -386,6 +401,11 @@
       get { self[#function] }
       set { self[#function] = newValue }
     }
+
+    package var _modificationDate: Date? {
+      get { modificationDate ?? self[#function]  }
+      set { self[#function] = newValue }
+    }
   }
 
   extension DataProtocol {
diff --git a/Sources/SQLiteData/CloudKit/Internal/MockCloudDatabase.swift b/Sources/SQLiteData/CloudKit/Internal/MockCloudDatabase.swift
index d2b9259c..cd350e8e 100644
--- a/Sources/SQLiteData/CloudKit/Internal/MockCloudDatabase.swift
+++ b/Sources/SQLiteData/CloudKit/Internal/MockCloudDatabase.swift
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
     package let databaseScope: CKDatabase.Scope
     let _container = IsolatedWeakVar<MockCloudContainer>()
     let dataManager = Dependency(\.dataManager)
+    let now = Dependency(\.currentTime.now)
     let uuid = Dependency(\.uuid)
     let clock: AnyClock<Duration>
 
@@ -224,6 +225,9 @@
 
               guard let databaseCopy = recordToSave.copy() as? CKRecord
               else { fatalError("Could not copy CKRecord.") }
+              databaseCopy._modificationDate = Date(
+                timeIntervalSinceReferenceDate: Double(now.wrappedValue)
+              )
               databaseCopy._recordChangeTag = state.nextRecordChangeTag()
 
               for key in databaseCopy.allKeys() {
@@ -249,6 +253,9 @@
                   as? CKRecord
               {
                 parentRecord._recordChangeTag = state.nextRecordChangeTag()
+                parentRecord._modificationDate = Date(
+                  timeIntervalSinceReferenceDate: Double(now.wrappedValue)
+                )
                 state.storage[parent.recordID.zoneID]?.records[parent.recordID] = parentRecord
               }
             }
diff --git a/Sources/SQLiteData/CloudKit/SyncEngine.swift b/Sources/SQLiteData/CloudKit/SyncEngine.swift
index 39e81739..930843d2 100644
--- a/Sources/SQLiteData/CloudKit/SyncEngine.swift
+++ b/Sources/SQLiteData/CloudKit/SyncEngine.swift
@@ -2121,8 +2121,8 @@
               .execute(db)
           }
 
-          if let lastKnownDate = metadata?.lastKnownServerRecord?.modificationDate {
-            if let recordDate = record.modificationDate, lastKnownDate < recordDate {
+          if let lastKnownDate = metadata?.lastKnownServerRecord?._modificationDate {
+            if let recordDate = record._modificationDate, lastKnownDate <= recordDate {
               try updateLastKnownServerRecord()
             }
           } else {
diff --git a/Tests/SQLiteDataTests/CloudKitTests/MergeConflictTests.swift b/Tests/SQLiteDataTests/CloudKitTests/MergeConflictTests.swift
index b9840148..a37a8987 100644
--- a/Tests/SQLiteDataTests/CloudKitTests/MergeConflictTests.swift
+++ b/Tests/SQLiteDataTests/CloudKitTests/MergeConflictTests.swift
@@ -67,11 +67,13 @@
           """
         }
 
-        let record = try syncEngine.private.database.record(for: Reminder.recordID(for: 1))
-        record.setValue("Buy milk", forKey: "title", at: 60)
-        let modificationCallback = try {
-          try syncEngine.modifyRecords(scope: .private, saving: [record])
-        }()
+        let modificationCallback = try withDependencies {
+          $0.currentTime.now += 60
+        } operation: {
+          let record = try syncEngine.private.database.record(for: Reminder.recordID(for: 1))
+          record.setValue("Buy milk", forKey: "title", at: now)
+          return try syncEngine.modifyRecords(scope: .private, saving: [record])
+        }
 
         try await withDependencies {
           $0.currentTime.now += 30
@@ -79,8 +81,8 @@
           try await userDatabase.userWrite { db in
             try Reminder.find(1).update { $0.isCompleted = true }.execute(db)
           }
+          try await syncEngine.processPendingRecordZoneChanges(scope: .private)
         }
-        try await syncEngine.processPendingRecordZoneChanges(scope: .private)
 
         assertInlineSnapshot(of: container, as: .customDump) {
           """
@@ -126,8 +128,16 @@
           """
         }
 
-        try await syncEngine.processPendingRecordZoneChanges(scope: .private)
-        await modificationCallback.notify()
+        try await withDependencies {
+          $0.currentTime.now += 30
+        } operation: {
+          try await syncEngine.processPendingRecordZoneChanges(scope: .private)
+        }
+        await withDependencies {
+          $0.currentTime.now += 60
+        } operation: {
+          await modificationCallback.notify()
+        }
 
         assertInlineSnapshot(of: container, as: .customDump) {
           """
diff --git a/Tests/SQLiteDataTests/Internal/CloudKit+CustomDump.swift b/Tests/SQLiteDataTests/Internal/CloudKit+CustomDump.swift
index b8b86d11..762d9907 100644
--- a/Tests/SQLiteDataTests/Internal/CloudKit+CustomDump.swift
+++ b/Tests/SQLiteDataTests/Internal/CloudKit+CustomDump.swift
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@
         }
       var nonEncryptedKeys = Set(allKeys())
         .subtracting(encryptedValues.allKeys())
-        .subtracting(["_recordChangeTag"])
+        .subtracting(["_modificationDate", "_recordChangeTag"])
       if self is CKShare {
         nonEncryptedKeys.insert(CKShare.SystemFieldKey.title)
       }