From 94ef7813a3d0c039f8861c4184a3ca81626d7113 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Jenna Pederson Date: Sun, 3 May 2026 23:04:37 -0500 Subject: [PATCH] Add full-text-search notebook --- docs/full-text-search.ipynb | 4609 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 4609 insertions(+) create mode 100644 docs/full-text-search.ipynb diff --git a/docs/full-text-search.ipynb b/docs/full-text-search.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..9982be7a --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/full-text-search.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,4609 @@ +{ + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "id": "title", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Bird Search — Pinecone Full-Text Search\n", + "\n", + "This notebook demonstrates [Pinecone Full-Text Search](https://docs.pinecone.io/guides/search/full-text-search) using a corpus of North American bird Wikipedia articles — one document per bird.\n", + "\n", + "> ⚠️ This feature is in [public preview](https://docs.pinecone.io/guides/search/full-text-search#public-preview). APIs may continue to evolve before general availability.\n", + "\n", + "**Index fields:**\n", + "\n", + "| Field | Type | Query type | Configuration |\n", + "|---|---|---|---|\n", + "| `bird_name` | string | full text | ✅ `{language: \"en\"}` |\n", + "| `intro` | string | full text | ✅ `{language: \"en\"}` |\n", + "| `body` | string | full text | ✅ `{language: \"en\", stemming: True}` |\n", + "| `image_embedding` | dense vector | semantic | dim 768, cosine |\n", + "\n", + "## Prerequisites\n", + "\n", + "- **Pinecone account and API key** — [sign up](https://app.pinecone.io/) and create an API key in the console.\n", + "- **Google Cloud project with Gemini API access** — enable the Gemini API and create an API key in [Google AI Studio](https://aistudio.google.com/apikey). Required for section 2 (image embedding) and section 16 (vector search). This notebook uses `gemini-embedding-2` embedding model for multi-modal embedding." + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "id": "c92bce7e", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Contents\n", + "\n", + "- [0. Install the SDK](#0-install-the-sdk)\n", + "- [1. Connect to the index](#1-connect-to-the-index)\n", + "- [2. Create index and load data](#2-create-index-and-load-data)\n", + "- [3. Display helper](#3-display-helper)\n", + "- [How tokens work](#how-tokens-work)\n", + "- [4. Single-term token match — `\"migration\"`](#4-single-term-token-match-migration)\n", + "- [5. Searching `bird_name` — and blending multiple fields](#5-searching-bird-name-and-blending-multiple-fields)\n", + "- [6. Introducing Lucene syntax: single-term `query_string`](#6-introducing-lucene-syntax-single-term-query-string)\n", + "- [7. Requiring both terms: AND operator](#7-requiring-both-terms-and-operator)\n", + "- [8. Excluding terms: NOT operator](#8-excluding-terms-not-operator)\n", + "- [9. Exact phrase vs. token OR in `bird_name`](#9-exact-phrase-vs-token-or-in-bird-name)\n", + "- [10. Phrase proximity (slop): flexible phrase matching in `body`](#10-phrase-proximity-slop-flexible-phrase-matching-in-body)\n", + "- [11. Boosting: influencing ranking by term importance](#11-boosting-influencing-ranking-by-term-importance)\n", + "- [12. Cross-field `query_string`: multiple fields in one clause](#12-cross-field-query-string-multiple-fields-in-one-clause)\n", + "- [13. Combining everything: a production-grade query](#13-combining-everything-a-production-grade-query)\n", + "- [14. Regex: token-level pattern matching](#14-regex-token-level-pattern-matching)\n", + "- [15. Phrase prefix: autocomplete](#15-phrase-prefix-autocomplete)\n", + "- [16. Dense vector ranking with a phrase-match filter](#16-dense-vector-ranking-with-a-phrase-match-filter)\n", + "- [Summary](#summary)\n", + "- [17. Cleanup](#17-cleanup)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "id": "install-header", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## 0. Install the SDK\n", + "\n", + "> ⚠️ Because this feature is in public preview, it uses the `preview` namespace. `pc.preview.*` targets Pinecone API version `2026-01.alpha`. Pin your SDK version when relying on it." + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 85, + "id": "install", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Note: you may need to restart the kernel to use updated packages.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "try:\n", + " import google.colab\n", + " IN_COLAB = True\n", + "except ImportError:\n", + " IN_COLAB = False\n", + "\n", + "%pip install --quiet \\\n", + " \"pinecone==9.0.0rc1\" \\\n", + " \"pinecone-notebooks==0.1.1\" \\\n", + " \"httpx[http2]==0.28.1\" \\\n", + " \"msgspec==0.21.1\" \\\n", + " \"orjson==3.11.8\" \\\n", + " \"tqdm==4.67.3\" \\\n", + " \"google-genai==1.73.1\" \\\n", + " \"python-dotenv==1.2.2\" \\\n", + " \"pillow==12.2.0\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "id": "connect-header", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## 1. Connect to the index\n", + "\n", + "You will need a free Pinecone API key. If you're running in a Colab environment, the code below will either help you sign up for a new Pinecone account or authenticate you. Then it will create a new API key and set it as an environment variable. If you are not running in a Colab environment, it will use your environment variables or prompt you to enter the API key and then set it in the environment.\n", + "\n", + "### Setup Pinecone API key" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 86, + "id": "connect", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [], + "source": [ + "import os\n", + "from getpass import getpass\n", + "import pinecone\n", + "from dotenv import load_dotenv\n", + "load_dotenv() # loads .env into os.environ; no-op if file absent\n", + "\n", + "def get_pinecone_api_key():\n", + " \"\"\"Get Pinecone API key from environment, Colab auth, or prompt.\n", + "\n", + " Only necessary for notebooks. When using Pinecone yourself,\n", + " you can use environment variables or the like to set your API key.\n", + " \"\"\"\n", + " api_key = os.environ.get(\"PINECONE_API_KEY\")\n", + "\n", + " if api_key is None:\n", + " try:\n", + " from pinecone_notebooks.colab import Authenticate\n", + " Authenticate()\n", + " api_key = os.environ.get(\"PINECONE_API_KEY\")\n", + " except ImportError:\n", + " print(\"Pinecone API key not found in environment.\")\n", + " api_key = getpass(\"Please enter your Pinecone API key: \")\n", + " os.environ[\"PINECONE_API_KEY\"] = api_key\n", + "\n", + " return api_key\n", + "\n", + "PINECONE_API_KEY = get_pinecone_api_key()" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "id": "27fc682f", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "### Setup Google API key" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 87, + "id": "32d9b399", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [], + "source": [ + "def get_google_api_key():\n", + " \"\"\"Get Google API key from environment or prompt.\"\"\"\n", + " api_key = os.environ.get(\"GOOGLE_API_KEY\")\n", + "\n", + " if api_key is None:\n", + " print(\"Google API key not found in environment.\")\n", + " api_key = getpass(\"Please enter your Google API key: \")\n", + " os.environ[\"GOOGLE_API_KEY\"] = api_key\n", + "\n", + " return api_key\n", + "\n", + "GOOGLE_API_KEY = get_google_api_key()" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "id": "60124535", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "### Initialize the client and connect" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 88, + "id": "connect-pinecone", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "SDK version : 9.0.0\n", + "Running in : local Jupyter\n", + "Connected to: bird-search-fts\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "pc = pinecone.Pinecone(\n", + " api_key=PINECONE_API_KEY,\n", + " source_tag=\"pinecone_examples:docs:full_text_search\",\n", + ")\n", + "\n", + "INDEX_NAME = \"bird-search-fts\"\n", + "NAMESPACE = \"birds\" # namespaces partition a single index — useful for isolating datasets or tenants\n", + "\n", + "print(f\"SDK version : {pinecone.__version__}\")\n", + "print(f\"Running in : {'Colab' if IN_COLAB else 'local Jupyter'}\")\n", + "\n", + "if pc.preview.indexes.exists(INDEX_NAME):\n", + " idx = pc.preview.index(name=INDEX_NAME)\n", + " print(f\"Connected to: {INDEX_NAME}\")\n", + "else:\n", + " print(f\"Index '{INDEX_NAME}' not found — run section 2 to create and populate it\")" + ] + }, + { + "attachments": {}, + "cell_type": "markdown", + "id": "load-data-header", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## 2. Create index and load data\n", + "\n", + "### Download bird corpus\n", + "\n", + "First, you'll download the bird corpus and define `DATA_DIR`. Run this even if you've previously loaded data into your index as it sets `DATA_DIR`." + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 71, + "id": "corpus-download", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "DATA_DIR: /Users/jenna/Development/playground/fts/bird-semantic-search-main/parsed_birds\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "import json, os, pathlib, time, urllib.request, zipfile\n", + "\n", + "if not pathlib.Path(\"bird-semantic-search-main\").exists():\n", + " print(\"Downloading bird corpus...\")\n", + " urllib.request.urlretrieve(\n", + " \"https://github.com/pinecone-io/bird-semantic-search/archive/refs/heads/main.zip\",\n", + " \"main.zip\",\n", + " )\n", + " with zipfile.ZipFile(\"main.zip\") as zf:\n", + " zf.extractall()\n", + " pathlib.Path(\"main.zip\").unlink()\n", + " print(\"Done.\")\n", + "\n", + "DATA_DIR = pathlib.Path(os.environ.get(\"BIRD_DATA_DIR\", \"bird-semantic-search-main/parsed_birds\")).expanduser().resolve()\n", + "N_BIRDS = 200\n", + "EMBED_DIM = 768\n", + "GEMINI_MODEL = \"gemini-embedding-2\"\n", + "print(f\"DATA_DIR: {DATA_DIR}\")" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "id": "index-setup-header", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "### Create index and load data\n", + "\n", + "Now, you'll create the index and upsert the data. If section 1 printed **\"Connected to: bird-search-fts\"**, skip this step — your index is already populated." + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 72, + "id": "index-setup", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Connected to: bird-search-fts\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from PIL import Image\n", + "from tqdm import tqdm\n", + "from google.genai import types as genai_types\n", + "from pinecone.preview import SchemaBuilder\n", + "from google import genai as _genai\n", + "\n", + "gem_loader = _genai.Client(api_key=GOOGLE_API_KEY)\n", + "EMBED_CONFIG = genai_types.EmbedContentConfig(output_dimensionality=EMBED_DIM)\n", + "\n", + "if not pc.preview.indexes.exists(INDEX_NAME):\n", + " schema = (\n", + " SchemaBuilder()\n", + " .add_string_field(\"bird_name\", full_text_search={\"language\": \"en\"})\n", + " .add_string_field(\"intro\", full_text_search={\"language\": \"en\"})\n", + " .add_string_field(\"body\", full_text_search={\"language\": \"en\", \"stemming\": True})\n", + " .add_dense_vector_field(\"image_embedding\", dimension=EMBED_DIM, metric=\"cosine\")\n", + " .build()\n", + " )\n", + " pc.preview.indexes.create(name=INDEX_NAME, schema=schema)\n", + " print(f\"Created index '{INDEX_NAME}' — waiting for Ready...\")\n", + " while not pc.preview.indexes.describe(INDEX_NAME).status.ready:\n", + " time.sleep(5)\n", + " print(\" still initializing...\")\n", + " print(\"Index is ready.\")\n", + "\n", + "idx = pc.preview.index(name=INDEX_NAME)\n", + "print(f\"Connected to: {INDEX_NAME}\")" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 30, + "id": "load-data-ingest", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Loading 200 birds from /Users/jenna/Development/playground/fts/bird-semantic-search-main/parsed_birds\n" + ] + }, + { + "name": "stderr", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Embedding images: 100%|██████████| 200/200 [02:09<00:00, 1.55it/s]\n", + "/Users/jenna/Development/playground/fts/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/tqdm/auto.py:21: TqdmWarning: IProgress not found. Please update jupyter and ipywidgets. See https://ipywidgets.readthedocs.io/en/stable/user_install.html\n", + " from .autonotebook import tqdm as notebook_tqdm\n" + ] + }, + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Built 200 documents.\n" + ] + }, + { + "name": "stderr", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Upserting: 100%|██████████| 4/4 [00:01<00:00, 3.47batch/s]\n" + ] + }, + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Uploaded 150 / 200 documents\n", + "Waiting for documents to be indexed...\n", + " not yet indexed, retrying...\n", + " not yet indexed, retrying...\n", + "Data is searchable — ready to query.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "# ── Load metadata + filter usable birds ───────────────────────────────────────\n", + "meta = json.loads((DATA_DIR / \"parsing_metadata.json\").read_text())\n", + "\n", + "slugs = [\n", + " slug for slug, entry in meta.items()\n", + " if (DATA_DIR / \"text\" / entry.get(\"text_file\", \"\")).exists()\n", + " and entry.get(\"images\")\n", + " and (DATA_DIR / \"images\" / entry[\"images\"][0][\"local_path\"]).exists()\n", + "]\n", + "slugs = sorted(slugs)[:N_BIRDS]\n", + "\n", + "print(f\"Loading {len(slugs)} birds from {DATA_DIR}\")\n", + "\n", + "# ── Helper: split article text into intro + body ───────────────────────────────\n", + "def split_intro_body(text):\n", + " paragraphs = [p.strip() for p in text.split(\"\\n\\n\") if p.strip()]\n", + " if not paragraphs:\n", + " return \"\", \"\"\n", + " return paragraphs[0], \"\\n\\n\".join(paragraphs[1:])\n", + "\n", + "# ── Embed images + build documents ────────────────────────────────────────────\n", + "docs = []\n", + "for slug in tqdm(slugs, desc=\"Embedding images\"):\n", + " entry = meta[slug]\n", + " img_path = DATA_DIR / \"images\" / entry[\"images\"][0][\"local_path\"]\n", + " with Image.open(img_path) as img:\n", + " img.load()\n", + " resp = gem_loader.models.embed_content(\n", + " model=GEMINI_MODEL, contents=img, config=EMBED_CONFIG,\n", + " )\n", + " image_embedding = list(resp.embeddings[0].values)\n", + "\n", + " text = (DATA_DIR / \"text\" / entry[\"text_file\"]).read_text(encoding=\"utf-8\")\n", + " intro, body = split_intro_body(text)\n", + "\n", + " docs.append({\n", + " \"_id\": slug,\n", + " \"bird_name\": slug.replace(\"_\", \" \"),\n", + " \"intro\": intro,\n", + " \"body\": body,\n", + " \"image_embedding\": image_embedding,\n", + " })\n", + "\n", + "print(f\"Built {len(docs)} documents.\")\n", + "\n", + "# ── Upsert ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────\n", + "result = idx.documents.batch_upsert(\n", + " namespace=NAMESPACE,\n", + " documents=docs,\n", + " batch_size=50,\n", + " max_workers=4,\n", + " show_progress=True,\n", + ")\n", + "print(f\"Uploaded {result.successful_item_count} / {result.total_item_count} documents\")\n", + "\n", + "# ── Wait until searchable ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────\n", + "print(\"Waiting for documents to be indexed...\")\n", + "while True:\n", + " probe = idx.documents.search(\n", + " namespace=NAMESPACE,\n", + " top_k=1,\n", + " score_by=[{\"type\": \"text\", \"field\": \"body\", \"query\": \"bird\"}],\n", + " include_fields=[],\n", + " )\n", + " if probe.matches:\n", + " print(\"Data is searchable — ready to query.\")\n", + " break\n", + " time.sleep(5)\n", + " print(\" not yet indexed, retrying...\")" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "id": "751d2f80", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Note: it is expected to have some failures in the batch upsert as some of the document bodies will exceed the max token count. Expect to see `Uploaded 150 / 200 documents`." + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "id": "display-helper-header", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## 3. Display helper\n", + "\n", + "A small function to print search results in a readable format." + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 89, + "id": "display-helper", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [], + "source": [ + "import textwrap\n", + "from pathlib import Path\n", + "\n", + "def show_results(response, snippet_field=\"intro\", max_lines=10, image_dir=None):\n", + " \"\"\"Print search results with score, bird name, and a text snippet. Pass max_lines=-1 for full field.\"\"\"\n", + " if not response.matches:\n", + " print(\"(no matches)\")\n", + " return\n", + " if image_dir is not None:\n", + " from IPython.display import display, Image as IPImage\n", + " for doc in response.matches:\n", + " name = doc.get(\"bird_name\") or doc._id\n", + " print(f\"Score {doc.score:.4f} [{doc._id}] {name}\")\n", + " if image_dir is not None:\n", + " img_path = Path(image_dir) / doc._id / f\"{doc._id}_1.jpg\"\n", + " if img_path.exists():\n", + " display(IPImage(filename=str(img_path), width=220))\n", + " snippet = doc.get(snippet_field) or \"\"\n", + " if snippet:\n", + " if max_lines == -1:\n", + " wrapped = textwrap.fill(\n", + " snippet.strip(), width=88,\n", + " initial_indent=\" \", subsequent_indent=\" \",\n", + " )\n", + " else:\n", + " wrapped = textwrap.fill(\n", + " snippet.strip(), width=88,\n", + " initial_indent=\" \", subsequent_indent=\" \",\n", + " max_lines=max_lines, placeholder=\" …\",\n", + " )\n", + " print(wrapped)\n", + " print()\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "id": "tokens-explainer", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## How tokens work\n", + "\n", + "Every full-text-search field runs through an **analyzer pipeline** at index time and again at query time:\n", + "\n", + "1. **Split** on whitespace and punctuation — `state-of-the-art` becomes `state`, `of`, `the`, `art`\n", + "2. **Lowercase** every token\n", + "3. **Stem** to root form if `stemming: true` — `migrating` → `migrat`, `models` → `model`\n", + "4. **Drop stop words** if `stop_words: true` — `the`, `and`, etc.\n", + "5. **Cap** each token at 40 characters\n", + "\n", + "Because the same pipeline runs on both sides, a token that scores in BM25 will also match in a `$match_phrase` filter on the same field. In this corpus, `bird_name` and `intro` use the pipeline with stemming **off**; `body` has stemming **on**.\n", + "\n", + "> `dense_vector` fields use a completely different tokenizer internal to the embedding model — those tokens are never visible and `$match_*` filters don't apply to them.\n", + "\n", + "Read more about this [here](https://pinecone-andrew-fts-docs-public-preview.mintlify.app/guides/search/full-text-search#tokens-and-analyzers)." + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "id": "search-header", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## 4. Single-term token match — `\"migration\"`\n", + "\n", + "A plain `text` score clause performs a full-text keyword search on a single field.\n", + "Here we search the `body` field (stemming enabled) for documents containing the\n", + "token *migration* — picking up morphological variants like *migrating*, *migratory*, etc." + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 90, + "id": "search-body", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Top 5 results for \"migration\" in body:\n", + "\n", + "Score 1.9391 [Bachman%27s_warbler] Bachman%27s warbler\n", + " This bird was first recorded in 1832 by the Reverend John Bachman, who found the\n", + " species near Charleston, South Carolina, and presented study skins and descriptions\n", + " to his friend and collaborator, John James Audubon. Audubon never saw the bird alive\n", + " but named it in honor of Bachman in 1833. An alternate common name of the species\n", + " used by some 19th-century authors, paralleling similar names given to other species\n", + " once placed in the genus Helinaia, is Bachman's swamp warbler. The blue-winged and\n", + " rapidly declining golden-winged warblers, also members of the genus Vermivora, are\n", + " thought to be this warbler's closest relatives. There are no known subspecies.\n", + " Bachman's warbler is a sexually dimorphic species and the adults have two distinct\n", + " plumages, one in the spring and one in the fall. In the spring, adult males have a\n", + " yellow forehead and supercilium. The area below the bird's eye is yellow, while the\n", + " lores are a dusky olive. The bird's forecrown is black with gray at the edges, while\n", + " the rear crown and nape are olive-gray. The rest of the warbler's upperparts are an\n", + " olive green, with the rump being the brightest. The chin and upper throat are\n", + " yellow, while the center throat and upper chest are black. The belly is yellow, and\n", + " the undertail coverts are white. Males in their first spring are nearly identical to\n", + " the adult male, but have less black on their crown and chest. During the spring,\n", + " adult females are a light yellow in their forehead and supraloral, blending into a\n", + " gray crown and nape. Its lores are a gray-olive and it has a white eye ring. The\n", + " rest of the female's upperparts are an olive-green, which like the male is brightest\n", + " on the rump. The chin and throat are also a light yellow, while the sides of the\n", + " neck and the upper breast are gray. Older females have a few black upper breast\n", + " feathers. The rest of the breast and the belly is light yellow, blending into white\n", + " on the undertail coverts. The flanks are also washed with gray. First spring females\n", + " resemble the adult female, but appear duller. Bachman's warbler molts over the\n", + " summer into its fall plumage. For adult males, the fall plumage is nearly identical\n", + " to the spring, with the only difference being that the forecrown changes from black\n", + " to gray. First year males also resemble their spring plumage, but have an olive\n", + " forecrown and duller yellow underparts. Adult females possess the same plumage,\n", + " although it looks fresher in the fall, while first year females have an olive-yellow\n", + " forehead and a dull eyering. Hatchlings obtain their first plumage in May and\n", + " undergo their first molt in June. Juvenile Bachman's warblers have a dusky brown\n", + " head and upperparts and are a paler brown below, which transitions to dull white on\n", + " the lower body and undertail. This warbler is 4.25 inches (10.8 cm) in length. It\n", + " is relatively small for a warbler and has a short tail. It is unique amongst\n", + " warblers for its thin and decurved bill. The Bachman's warbler's bill is blackish\n", + " brown in adults and brown in the juveniles. The legs are a grayish-brown, while the\n", + " eyes are dark brown. Documented examples of the species' songs are composed of a\n", + " rapid series of six to twenty-five buzz notes, sometimes ending in a sharp, slurred\n", + " zip note. The song is similar to that of the northern parula, but distinguishable in\n", + " that it was noticeably monotone. Multiple call notes have been recorded, ranging\n", + " from a soft tsip to a low, hissing zee-e-eep. Bachman's warbler bred primarily in\n", + " two distinct regions, namely the southern Atlantic coastal plain and the Gulf Coast\n", + " states north along the Mississippi River watershed to Kentucky. In the southern\n", + " Atlantic coastal plain, the bird bred in South Carolina near Charleston, though it\n", + " is believed to have once bred as far north as Virginia and south into Georgia. The\n", + " Gulf Coast breeding habitat is located primarily in central Alabama, though reports\n", + " from northern Mississippi and Louisiana are known. It bred north of Alabama along\n", + " Arkansas's and Missouri's St. Francis River. Unaccepted records of breeding in\n", + " eastern Texas, Oklahoma, and Tennessee are known. During migration, the species was\n", + " primarily recorded in Florida and the Florida Keys, although a few birds migrated\n", + " along the eastern Gulf Coast. Additionally, there is one spring migration record\n", + " from the Bahamas in 1901. The species primarily winters in Cuba. Additionally, it\n", + " was recorded wintering on Isla de la Juventud, and one wintering record is known\n", + " from Florida. Unconfirmed reports of the species wintering in Georgia's Okefenokee\n", + " Swamp exist. Bachman's warbler bred in timbered bottomland swamps with pools of\n", + " still water. These swampy forests are mainly composed of deciduous trees such as\n", + " cypress, sweet gum, dogwood, red oak, hickory, black gum, and tupelo. While it is\n", + " not definitively known what microhabitat in these swamps Bachman's warblers\n", + " preferred, it is believed that they preferred small edges created by fire or storms\n", + " with a dense understory of the cane species Arundinaria gigantea and palmettos. Some\n", + " believe that this species may have been a cane specialist. While migrating, the\n", + " species preferred bottomland forests, though it was reported in scrubby habitats as\n", + " well. During the Cuban winter it may have broadened its habitat to include most\n", + " forests, ranging from dry, semideciduous forests to urban parks to swamps. Hibiscus\n", + " forests may be important to wintering warblers. Due to the rarity of this species,\n", + " little is known of its behavior. This species does not frequently pump its tail.\n", + " When alarmed, a Bachman's warbler will jerk its tail and raise its crown feathers.\n", + " This species does not frequently sing while migrating. Once it reaches its breeding\n", + " grounds, this warbler prefers to sing from high perches. The female warbler\n", + " incubates the eggs while the male looks for food. This species's foraging niche is\n", + " quite low in elevation, frequently between 3 and 10 ft (0.91 and 3.05 m). However,\n", + " during migration it has also been observed foraging in the tops of trees. This\n", + " warbler could feed while hanging upside down to probe the bottoms of leaves.\n", + " Bachman's warbler also feeds by gleaning and probing into leaf clusters. This latter\n", + " foraging strategy has led some to hypothesize that this warbler specializes in\n", + " foraging among dead leaves in canebrakes. Its primary prey includes caterpillars,\n", + " spiders, and other arthropods. It may feed on nectar in Cuba, but this hypothesis is\n", + " unproven. It may be a colonial breeder. The nests are deep and bulky. Dead leaves,\n", + " mosses, grasses, and weed stalks compose the exterior of the nest, while the\n", + " interior cup was lined with fine fibers from Ramalina lichen and Spanish moss. These\n", + " nests are made amongst blackberry brambles, cane stalks, and palmettos in bottomland\n", + " forests 1 and 4 ft (0.30 and 1.22 m) above the ground or, frequently, pools of\n", + " water. Unusually for a warbler, its eggs are pure white with occasional fine marks\n", + " at the large end. Bachman's warblers migrate quite early in comparison with other\n", + " New World warblers. Spring migration begins in late February and birds appear in\n", + " south Florida and southeastern Louisiana by the first week of March. Peak migration\n", + " in south Florida is during the first three weeks of March and along the northwestern\n", + " Florida coast during the third and fourth week of March. The latest recorded\n", + " Bachman's warbler in Florida was noted on April 9. These warblers reach their South\n", + " Carolina breeding grounds around mid-March, though some are known to arrive in late\n", + " February. Birds migrating to southeastern Missouri arrive between mid and late\n", + " April. Some birds overshoot their breeding grounds and are found in Virginia and\n", + " North Carolina. In South Carolina, all Bachman's warblers leave their breeding\n", + " ground by July 19. The peak of fall migration is poorly documented, but the earliest\n", + " date for a migrant in southern Mississippi is July 4, while the first migrants at\n", + " Key West were reported on July 17. All migration is between the end of July and\n", + " August 25, with the last reported migrating individual being a September 24 bird in\n", + " coastal Georgia. Bachman's warbler was originally collected by John Bachman in\n", + " South Carolina in 1832 and described by Audubon in 1833 from skins mailed by …\n", + "\n", + "Score 1.8468 [Antillean_nighthawk] Antillean nighthawk\n", + " Its specific epithet, gundlachii, is in honor of Cuban naturalist Juan Gundlach.\n", + " The adults are dark with brown, grey and white patterning on the upperparts and\n", + " breast; the long wings are black and show a white bar in flight. The tail is dark\n", + " with white barring; the underparts are white with black bars. The adult male has a\n", + " white throat; the female has a light brown throat. The most distinguishing\n", + " characteristic to determine its identity from its closest relative the common\n", + " nighthawk are the contrasting pale tertials near the back of the wings of a sitting\n", + " bird. There are two color morphs, a gray and a rufous type. Like other nighthawks,\n", + " this bird will display by flying upward with a distinctive call note, then diving,\n", + " pulling out of the dive only a few feet from the ground. This creates a rush of air\n", + " and distinctive sound. Their breeding habitat is open country of the Greater\n", + " Antilles, the Lesser Antilles, the Bahamas, and the Florida Keys in the United\n", + " States. They usually nest on bare ground, sometimes in raised locations including\n", + " stumps or gravel roofs. They especially favor recently cleared areas in forests,\n", + " airport fields, cane fields and pastures. Little is known about migration habits,\n", + " although there is some evidence of migration routes to North and Central South\n", + " America. The Antillean nighthawk migrates out of its breeding range after raising\n", + " its young. It still remains unknown where the birds spend the winter. The two eggs\n", + " are laid directly on bare ground - there is no nest. Incubation is performed largely\n", + " by the female and lasts for about 20 days. Young fledge at about 20 days of age.\n", + " They catch flying insects on the wing, mainly foraging near dawn and dusk\n", + " (crepuscular) or sometimes at night with a full moon. The call is a short pikadik\n", + " usually heard overhead. The common nighthawk occasionally will make a similar call,\n", + " but it is not as consistent. In the Dominican Republic, the bird is called\n", + " querebebé; in Puerto Rico, the bird is called querequequé. Both are onomatopoeic\n", + " terms which originate in Taíno.\n", + "\n", + "Score 1.8044 [American_woodcock] American woodcock\n", + " The American woodcock is the only species of woodcock inhabiting North America.\n", + " Although classified with the sandpipers and shorebirds in the family Scolopacidae,\n", + " the American woodcock lives mainly in upland settings. Its many folk names include\n", + " timberdoodle, bogsucker, night partridge, brush snipe, hokumpoke, and becasse. The\n", + " population of the American woodcock has fallen by an average of slightly more than\n", + " 1% annually since the 1960s. Most authorities attribute this decline to a loss of\n", + " habitat caused by forest maturation and urban development. Because of the male\n", + " woodcock's unique, beautiful courtship flights, the bird is welcomed as a harbinger\n", + " of spring in northern areas. It is also a popular game bird, with about 540,000\n", + " killed annually by some 133,000 hunters in the United States. In 2008, wildlife\n", + " biologists and conservationists released an American woodcock conservation plan\n", + " presenting figures for the acreage of early successional habitat that must be\n", + " created and maintained in the United States and Canada to stabilize the woodcock\n", + " population at current levels, and to return it to 1970s densities. The American\n", + " woodcock has a plump body, short legs, a large, rounded head, and a long, straight\n", + " prehensile bill. Adults are 10 to 12 inches (25 to 30 cm) long and weigh 5 to 8\n", + " ounces (140 to 230 g). Females are considerably larger than males. The bill is 2.5\n", + " to 2.8 inches (6.4 to 7.1 cm) long. Wingspans range from 16.5 to 18.9 inches (42 to\n", + " 48 cm). The plumage is a cryptic mix of different shades of browns, grays, and\n", + " black. The chest and sides vary from yellowish-white to rich tans. The nape of the\n", + " head is black, with three or four crossbars of deep buff or rufous. The feet and\n", + " toes, which are small and weak, are brownish gray to reddish brown. Woodcocks have\n", + " large eyes located high in their heads, and their visual field is probably the\n", + " largest of any bird, 360° in the horizontal plane and 180° in the vertical plane.\n", + " The woodcock uses its long, prehensile bill to probe in the soil for food, mainly\n", + " invertebrates and especially earthworms. A unique bone-and-muscle arrangement lets\n", + " the bird open and close the tip of its upper bill, or mandible, while it is sunk in\n", + " the ground. Both the underside of the upper mandible and the long tongue are rough-\n", + " surfaced for grasping slippery prey. The genus Scolopax was introduced in 1758 by\n", + " the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae.\n", + " The genus name is Latin for a snipe or woodcock. The type species is the Eurasian\n", + " woodcock (Scolopax rusticola). Woodcocks inhabit forested and mixed forest-\n", + " agricultural-urban areas east of the 98th meridian. Woodcocks have been sighted as\n", + " far north as York Factory, Manitoba, and east to Labrador and Newfoundland. In\n", + " winter, they migrate as far south as the Gulf Coast of the United States and Mexico.\n", + " The primary breeding range extends from Atlantic Canada (Nova Scotia, Prince Edward\n", + " Island, and New Brunswick) west to southeastern Manitoba, and south to northern\n", + " Virginia, western North Carolina, Kentucky, northern Tennessee, northern Illinois,\n", + " Missouri, and eastern Kansas. A limited number breed as far south as Florida and\n", + " Texas. The species may be expanding its distribution northward and westward. After\n", + " migrating south in autumn, most woodcocks spend the winter in the Gulf Coast and\n", + " southeastern Atlantic Coast states. Some may remain as far north as southern\n", + " Maryland, eastern Virginia, and southern New Jersey. The core of the wintering range\n", + " centers on Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and Georgia. Based on the Christmas Bird\n", + " Count results, winter concentrations are highest in the northern half of Alabama.\n", + " American woodcocks live in wet thickets, moist woods, and brushy swamps. Ideal\n", + " habitats feature early successional habitat and abandoned farmland mixed with\n", + " forest. In late summer, some woodcocks roost on the ground at night in large\n", + " openings among sparse, patchy vegetation. Woodcocks migrate at night. They fly at\n", + " low altitudes, individually or in small, loose flocks. Flight speeds of migrating\n", + " birds have been clocked at 16 to 28 mi/h (26 to 45 km/h). However, the slowest\n", + " flight speed ever recorded for a bird, 5 mi/h (8 km/h), was recorded for this\n", + " species. Woodcocks are thought to orient visually using major physiographic features\n", + " such as coastlines and broad river valleys. Both the autumn and spring migrations\n", + " are leisurely compared with the swift, direct migrations of many passerine birds.\n", + " In the north, woodcocks begin to shift southward before ice and snow seal off their\n", + " ground-based food supply. Cold fronts may prompt heavy southerly flights in autumn.\n", + " Most woodcocks start to migrate in October, with the major push from mid-October to\n", + " early November. Most individuals arrive on the wintering range by mid-December. The\n", + " birds head north again in February. Most have returned to the northern breeding\n", + " range by mid-March to mid-April. Migrating birds' arrival at and departure from the\n", + " breeding range is highly irregular. In Ohio, for example, the earliest birds are\n", + " seen in February, but the bulk of the population does not arrive until March and\n", + " April. Birds start to leave for winter by September, but some remain until mid-\n", + " November. Woodcocks eat mainly invertebrates, particularly earthworms\n", + " (Oligochaeta). They do most of their feeding in places where the soil is moist. They\n", + " forage by probing in soft soil in thickets, where they usually remain well-hidden.\n", + " Other items in their diet include insect larvae, snails, centipedes, millipedes,\n", + " spiders, snipe flies, beetles, and ants. A small amount of plant food is eaten,\n", + " mainly seeds. Woodcocks are crepuscular, being most active at dawn and dusk. In\n", + " spring, males occupy individual singing grounds, openings near brushy cover from\n", + " which they call and perform display flights at dawn and dusk, and if the light\n", + " levels are high enough, on moonlit nights. The male's ground call is a short, buzzy\n", + " peent. After sounding a series of ground calls, the male takes off and flies from 50\n", + " to 100 yd (46 to 91 m) into the air. He descends, zigzagging and banking while\n", + " singing a liquid, chirping song. This high spiralling flight produces a melodious\n", + " twittering sound as air rushes through the male's outer primary wing feathers.\n", + " Males may continue with their courtship flights for as many as four months running,\n", + " sometimes continuing even after females have already hatched their broods and left\n", + " the nest. Females, known as hens, are attracted to the males' displays. A hen will\n", + " fly in and land on the ground near a singing male. The male courts the female by\n", + " walking stiff-legged and with his wings stretched vertically, and by bobbing and\n", + " bowing. A male may mate with several females. The male woodcock plays no role in\n", + " selecting a nest site, incubating eggs, or rearing young. In the primary northern\n", + " breeding range, the woodcock may be the earliest ground-nesting species to breed.\n", + " The hen makes a shallow, rudimentary nest on the ground in the leaf and twig litter,\n", + " in brushy or young-forest cover usually within 150 yd (140 m) of a singing ground.\n", + " Most hens lay four eggs, sometimes one to three. Incubation takes 20 to 22 days. The\n", + " down-covered young are precocial and leave the nest within a few hours of hatching.\n", + " The female broods her young and feeds them. When threatened, the fledglings usually\n", + " take cover and remain motionless, attempting to escape detection by relying on their\n", + " cryptic coloration. Some observers suggest that frightened young may cling to the\n", + " body of their mother, that will then take wing and carry the young to safety.\n", + " Woodcock fledglings begin probing for worms on their own a few days after hatching.\n", + " They develop quickly and can make short flights after two weeks, can fly fairly well\n", + " at three weeks, and are independent after about five weeks. The maximum lifespan of\n", + " adult American woodcock in the wild is 8 years. American woodcocks occasionally\n", + " perform a rocking behavior where they will walk slowly while rhythmically rocking\n", + " their bodies back and forth. This behavior occurs during foraging, leading\n", + " ornithologists such as Arthur Cleveland Bent and B. H. Christy to theorize that …\n", + "\n", + "Score 1.7618 [American_dusky_flycatcher] American dusky flycatcher\n", + " The dusky flycatcher is one of many species in the genus Empidonax. These species\n", + " are very similar in appearance and behavior, and they are notoriously difficult to\n", + " differentiate. The best characteristics for distinguishing these species are voice,\n", + " breeding habitat, and range. Adults have olive-gray upperparts, darker on the wings\n", + " and tail, with whitish underparts; they have a noticeable medium-width white eye\n", + " ring, white wing bars and a medium length tail. The breast is washed with olive-\n", + " gray. The bill is mainly dark. It is a bit smaller than the American grey flycatcher\n", + " and a bit larger than the Hammond's flycatcher. The male sings a three-part song. A\n", + " common call is a dry whit, similar to that of other Empidonax flycatchers. A less\n", + " common call, that is possibly only given by the male, is a sad dew-hic. The\n", + " scientific name commemorates the American ornithologist Harry Church Oberholser.\n", + " These birds migrate to southern Arizona and Mexico. As non-breeding residents in the\n", + " south of their migration range, they are passage migrants over the deserts of the\n", + " south-western United States, the Mojave, Sonoran, and Chihuahuan Deserts, where they\n", + " make their stops along the flyway. Their breeding habitat is mountain slopes and\n", + " foothills with brush and scattered trees (especially ponderosa pine) across western\n", + " North America. They make a cup nest low in a vertical fork in a shrub. They often\n", + " wait on an open perch and fly out to catch insects in flight (hawking), and will\n", + " also pluck insects from foliage while hovering (gleaning).\n", + "\n", + "Score 1.6152 [Baltimore_oriole] Baltimore oriole\n", + " The Baltimore oriole is the state bird of Maryland, and the namesake and mascot for\n", + " the Baltimore Orioles baseball team. The Baltimore oriole was formally described in\n", + " 1758 by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in the tenth edition of his Systema\n", + " Naturae under the binomial name Coracias galbula. He specified the type locality as\n", + " America, but this was restricted to Virginia in 1931. Linnaeus based his account on\n", + " the \"Baltimore-Bird\" that had been described and illustrated by the English\n", + " naturalist Mark Catesby in his The Natural History of Carolina, Florida and the\n", + " Bahama Islands that was published between 1729 and 1732. The Baltimore oriole is now\n", + " one of 32 New World orioles placed in the genus Icterus that was introduced in 1760\n", + " by the French ornithologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson. The species is monotypic: no\n", + " subspecies are recognised. Like all New World orioles, this species is named after\n", + " an unrelated, physically similar family found in the Old World: the Oriolidae. The\n", + " word \"Oriole\" ultimately derives from the Latin aureolus, \"golden\". The genus name\n", + " Icterus is from the Ancient Greek ikteros, a yellow bird, usually taken to be the\n", + " Eurasian golden oriole, the sight of which was thought to cure jaundice. The\n", + " specific galbula is the Latin name for a yellow bird, again usually assumed to be\n", + " the golden oriole. This medium-sized passerine measures 17–22 cm (6.7–8.7 in) in\n", + " length and spans 23–32 cm (9.1–12.6 in) across the wings. Their build is typical of\n", + " icterids, as they have a sturdy body, a longish tail, fairly long legs and a thick,\n", + " pointed bill. The body weight averages 33.8 g (1.19 oz), with a range of weights\n", + " from 22.3 to 42 g (0.79 to 1.48 oz). The male oriole is slightly larger than the\n", + " female, although the size dimorphism is minimal by icterid standards. Adults always\n", + " have white bars on the wings. The adult male is orange on the underparts, shoulder\n", + " patch, and rump, with some birds appearing a very deep flaming orange and others\n", + " appearing yellowish orange. All of the rest of the male's plumage is black. The\n", + " adult female is yellow brown on the upper parts with darker wings, and dull orange\n", + " yellow on the breast and belly. The juvenile oriole is similar looking to the\n", + " female, with males taking until the fall of their second year to reach adult\n", + " plumage. Baltimore orioles live in the Nearctic in summer, including the Canadian\n", + " Prairies and eastern Montana in the northwest eastward through southern Ontario,\n", + " southern Quebec and New Brunswick and south through the eastern United States to\n", + " central Mississippi and Alabama and northern Georgia. They migrate to winter in the\n", + " Neotropics as far north as Mexico and sometimes the southern coast of the United\n", + " States, but predominantly in Central America and northern South America. Some areas\n", + " of the southern United States may retain orioles all winter if they have feeders\n", + " that appeal to them. The range of this bird overlaps with that of the similar\n", + " Bullock's oriole in the Midwest, and the two species were once considered to be\n", + " conspecific under the name northern oriole because they form fertile hybrids. The\n", + " Baltimore oriole is a rare vagrant to Western Europe. Baltimore orioles are often\n", + " found high up in large, leafy deciduous trees, but do not generally reside in deep\n", + " forests. The species has been found in summer and migration in open woodland, forest\n", + " edge, and partially wooded wetlands or stands of trees along rivers. They are very\n", + " adaptable and can breed in a variety of secondary habitats. In recent times, they\n", + " are often found in orchards, farmland, urban parks and suburban landscapes as long\n", + " as they retain woodlots. In Mexico, they winter in flowering canopy trees, often\n", + " over shade coffee plantations. From 1966 to 2015, the Baltimore oriole experienced\n", + " a greater than 1.5% annual population decrease throughout the northern and eastern\n", + " parts of its breeding range. Among other causes Dutch elm disease destroyed a\n", + " meaningful amount of their favorite nesting locations: elm trees. The Baltimore\n", + " orioles' song is a short set of recognizable, sweet whistles that sound like \"tyew,\n", + " pyeer, peededoo, and \"teer.\" Calls include \"veeer,\" which is an unusual nasal sound,\n", + " a low chatter call, and two high calls which sound like \"tyew-li and kleek.\" The\n", + " male Baltimore oriole song is a clear whistle with a vibrant tone that flows and\n", + " includes a brief sequence of notes that are paired and repeated 2-7 times, lasting\n", + " 1-2 seconds. Sometimes during breeding season mature male orioles will make a\n", + " \"flutter-drum sound\" to each other while in flight by making noise as they move\n", + " their wings. Male orioles sing to proclaim and protect territory. The female\n", + " Baltimore oriole also sings to communicate and while protecting her nest she gives a\n", + " distinctive call which sounds like a fierce screech. Both male and female orioles\n", + " make specific warning calls that sound like inharmonious chatter during combative\n", + " confrontations. If there are other species of orioles in the area that hear the\n", + " chatter, they will respond to alert calls and try to help defend the territory.\n", + " Baltimore orioles are basically solitary outside their mating season. The species is\n", + " generally considered monogamous, although evidence suggests that extra-pair\n", + " copulation is relatively common. In the spring, males establish a territory and then\n", + " display to females by singing and chattering while hopping from perch to perch in\n", + " front of them. Males also give a bow display, bowing with wings lowered and tail\n", + " fanned. Depending on their receptiveness, the females may ignore these displays or\n", + " sing and give calls or a wing-quiver display in response. The wing-quiver display\n", + " involves leaning forward, often with the tail partly fanned, and fluttering or\n", + " quivering slightly lowered wings. The Baltimore oriole's nest is built by the\n", + " female. It is a tightly woven, bundle-like pouch located on the end of a branch,\n", + " consisting of any fine plant or animal materials available, hanging down on the\n", + " underside. Trees such as elm, cottonwood, maple, willow, or apple are regularly\n", + " selected, with the nest usually located around 7 to 9 m (23 to 30 ft) above the\n", + " ground. The female lays three to seven eggs, with the norm being around four. The\n", + " eggs are pale gray to bluish-white, measuring 2.3 cm × 1.6 cm (0.91 in × 0.63 in) on\n", + " average. The incubation period is 12 to 14 days. Once the nestlings hatch, they are\n", + " fed by regurgitation by both parents and brooded by the female for two weeks. After\n", + " this, the young start to fledge, becoming largely independent shortly thereafter. If\n", + " the eggs, young, or nest are destroyed, the oriole is unable to lay a replacement\n", + " clutch. Predation of adults is a common source of mortality, typically also\n", + " occurring with eggs, nestlings, and fledglings. Common predators at Baltimore oriole\n", + " nests can include common grackles, American crows, blue jays, black-billed magpies,\n", + " tree squirrels, and domestic cats, which most commonly capture newly fledged orioles\n", + " or adults engaged in brooding behavior. Rapacious birds commonly prey on both young\n", + " and fully-grown orioles, the most prolific being the eastern screech owl and\n", + " Cooper's and sharp-shinned hawks. Somewhat larger rapacious birds also sometimes\n", + " opportunistically prey on the oriole, including peregrine falcons, great horned\n", + " owls, and barn owls, while merlins may do so while orioles are migrating. The\n", + " oldest recorded Baltimore oriole lived to 11 years and 7 months in the wild. They\n", + " have been recorded living up to 14 years in captivity. Baltimore orioles forage in\n", + " trees and shrubs, also making short flights to catch insects. They acrobatically\n", + " clamber, hover, and hang among foliage as they comb high branches. They mainly eat\n", + " insects, berries, and nectar, and are often seen sipping at hummingbird feeders.\n", + " Their favored prey is perhaps the forest tent caterpillar moth, which they typically\n", + " eat in their larval stage, and can be a nuisance species if not naturally regulated\n", + " by predation. The larvae caterpillar is beaten against a branch until their\n", + " protective hairs are skinned off before being eaten. They will also consume beetles,\n", + " grasshoppers, wasps, bugs, and spiders. Baltimore orioles' consumption of forest …\n", + "\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "QUERY = \"migration\"\n", + "\n", + "response = idx.documents.search(\n", + " namespace=NAMESPACE,\n", + " top_k=5,\n", + " score_by=[\n", + " {\"type\": \"text\", \"field\": \"body\", \"query\": QUERY},\n", + " ],\n", + " include_fields=[\"bird_name\", \"body\"],\n", + ")\n", + "\n", + "print(f'Top {len(response.matches)} results for \"{QUERY}\" in body:\\n')\n", + "show_results(response, \"body\", 100)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "id": "step4-name-header", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## 5. Searching `bird_name` — and blending multiple fields\n", + "\n", + "Each `type: \"text\"` clause targets exactly one field. To search across\n", + "fields simultaneously, pass **multiple clauses** in `score_by` — one per field.\n", + "A single search request ranks by one scoring method only (BM25 text, Lucene query syntax, dense vector, or sparse vector). Every contributing field within that scoring method weighs equally; there is no per-clause weight parameter.\n", + "\n", + "We'll use the query `\"sparrow\"` to make the contrast concrete:\n", + "\n", + "- **Single-field on `bird_name`:** finds birds *named* sparrow — only 5 in\n", + " this corpus, all with the English word in their formal name.\n", + "- **Blended `bird_name` + `intro` + `body`:** surfaces a fifth bird,\n", + " *Ammospiza maritima mirabilis*, whose stored `bird_name` is the Latin\n", + " binomial. Its article explicitly describes it as a sparrow — the body\n", + " text uses the word six times — but name-only search misses it entirely." + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 33, + "id": "step4-name-only", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Searching bird_name only for \"sparrow\":\n", + "\n", + "Score 3.1787 [Bachman%27s_sparrow] Bachman%27s sparrow\n", + " Peucaea aestivalis aestivalis Peucaea aestivalis bachmani Peucaea aestivalis\n", + " illinoensis\n", + "\n", + "Score 3.1787 [Baird%27s_sparrow] Baird%27s sparrow\n", + " Baird's sparrow (Centronyx bairdii) is a species of North American birds in the\n", + " family Passerellidae of order Passeriformes. It is a migratory bird native to the\n", + " United States, Canada, and Mexico.\n", + "\n", + "Score 3.1787 [Black-chested_sparrow] Black-chested sparrow\n", + " Aimophila humeralis\n", + "\n", + "Score 3.1787 [Black-chinned_sparrow] Black-chinned sparrow\n", + " Spinites atrogularis Cabanis, 1851 Struthus atrimentalis Couch, 1854 Spizella evura\n", + " Coues, 1866 Spizella atrigularis Salvin & Godman, 1886\n", + "\n", + "Score 3.1787 [American_tree_sparrow] American tree sparrow\n", + " Spizella monticolaSpizella arboreaPasserella arborea\n", + "\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "# ── Single-field search: bird_name only ────────────────────────────────────\n", + "QUERY = \"sparrow\"\n", + "\n", + "response_name = idx.documents.search(\n", + " namespace=NAMESPACE,\n", + " top_k=5,\n", + " score_by=[{\"type\": \"text\", \"field\": \"bird_name\", \"query\": QUERY}],\n", + " include_fields=[\"bird_name\", \"intro\"],\n", + ")\n", + "\n", + "print(f'Searching bird_name only for \"{QUERY}\":\\n')\n", + "show_results(response_name, \"intro\")" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "id": "step4-blend-header", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Name-only returns just 5 results — every bird with \"sparrow\" in its formal\n", + "English name. Now blend all three text fields. The blended search scores body\n", + "text too, so *Ammospiza maritima mirabilis* (the Cape Sable seaside sparrow)\n", + "rises into the top 5 even though its `bird_name` field contains only the Latin\n", + "binomial.\n", + "\n", + "> **Stemming note:** `bird_name` and `intro` have stemming **off** — these\n", + "> clauses require the literal token `\"sparrow\"`. `body` has stemming **on**,\n", + "> so `\"sparrows\"` (plural) also matches there without any extra syntax." + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 34, + "id": "step4-blend", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Blending bird_name + intro + body for \"sparrow\":\n", + "\n", + "Score 12.3510 [Baird%27s_sparrow] Baird%27s sparrow\n", + " Baird's sparrow (Centronyx bairdii) is a species of North American birds in the\n", + " family Passerellidae of order Passeriformes. It is a migratory bird native to the\n", + " United States, Canada, and Mexico.\n", + "\n", + "Score 9.9170 [Ammospiza_maritima_mirabilis] Ammospiza maritima mirabilis\n", + " The Cape Sable seaside sparrow (Ammospiza maritima mirabilis) is a subspecies of the\n", + " seaside sparrow, a species of bird in the family Passerellidae native to the United\n", + " States. This subspecies is endemic to southern Florida. It is designated endangered\n", + " under the Endangered Species Act.\n", + "\n", + "Score 8.3378 [Bachman%27s_sparrow] Bachman%27s sparrow\n", + " Peucaea aestivalis aestivalis Peucaea aestivalis bachmani Peucaea aestivalis\n", + " illinoensis\n", + "\n", + "Score 8.1409 [Black-chinned_sparrow] Black-chinned sparrow\n", + " Spinites atrogularis Cabanis, 1851 Struthus atrimentalis Couch, 1854 Spizella evura\n", + " Coues, 1866 Spizella atrigularis Salvin & Godman, 1886\n", + "\n", + "Score 8.1117 [American_tree_sparrow] American tree sparrow\n", + " Spizella monticolaSpizella arboreaPasserella arborea\n", + "\n", + "IDs that appear in blended results but not in name-only:\n", + " [Ammospiza_maritima_mirabilis] Ammospiza maritima mirabilis (score 9.9170)\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "# ── Blended search: bird_name + intro + body ───────────────────────────────\n", + "response_blend = idx.documents.search(\n", + " namespace=NAMESPACE,\n", + " top_k=5,\n", + " score_by=[\n", + " {\"type\": \"text\", \"field\": \"bird_name\", \"query\": QUERY},\n", + " {\"type\": \"text\", \"field\": \"intro\", \"query\": QUERY},\n", + " {\"type\": \"text\", \"field\": \"body\", \"query\": QUERY},\n", + " ],\n", + " include_fields=[\"bird_name\", \"intro\"],\n", + ")\n", + "\n", + "print(f'Blending bird_name + intro + body for \"{QUERY}\":\\n')\n", + "show_results(response_blend, \"intro\")\n", + "\n", + "# Show which IDs appear in blend but not in name-only search\n", + "name_ids = {d._id for d in response_name.matches}\n", + "blend_ids = {d._id for d in response_blend.matches}\n", + "new_in_blend = blend_ids - name_ids\n", + "if new_in_blend:\n", + " print(\"IDs that appear in blended results but not in name-only:\")\n", + " for doc in response_blend.matches:\n", + " if doc._id in new_in_blend:\n", + " print(f\" [{doc._id}] {doc.get('bird_name')} (score {doc.score:.4f})\")\n", + "else:\n", + " print(\"Top-5 results are the same in both queries.\")" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "id": "step5-header", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## 6. Introducing Lucene syntax: single-term `query_string`\n", + "\n", + "`type: \"query_string\"` exposes the full Lucene query syntax. The field name is\n", + "embedded **inside** the query string itself.\n", + "\n", + "For a single term this produces identical results to the `type: \"text\"`\n", + "equivalent — it’s the baseline before we start using operators." + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 54, + "id": "step5-code", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "query_string body:(migration)\n", + "\n", + "Score 1.9391 [Bachman%27s_warbler] Bachman%27s warbler\n", + " This bird was first recorded in 1832 by the Reverend John Bachman, who found the\n", + " species near Charleston, South Carolina, and presented study skins and descriptions\n", + " to his friend and collaborator, John James Audubon. Audubon never saw the bird alive\n", + " but named it in honor of Bachman in 1833. An alternate common name of the species\n", + " used by some 19th-century authors, paralleling similar names given to other species\n", + " once placed in the genus Helinaia, is Bachman's swamp warbler. The blue-winged …\n", + "\n", + "Score 1.8468 [Antillean_nighthawk] Antillean nighthawk\n", + " Its specific epithet, gundlachii, is in honor of Cuban naturalist Juan Gundlach.\n", + " The adults are dark with brown, grey and white patterning on the upperparts and\n", + " breast; the long wings are black and show a white bar in flight. The tail is dark\n", + " with white barring; the underparts are white with black bars. The adult male has a\n", + " white throat; the female has a light brown throat. The most distinguishing\n", + " characteristic to determine its identity from its closest relative the common …\n", + "\n", + "Score 1.8044 [American_woodcock] American woodcock\n", + " The American woodcock is the only species of woodcock inhabiting North America.\n", + " Although classified with the sandpipers and shorebirds in the family Scolopacidae,\n", + " the American woodcock lives mainly in upland settings. Its many folk names include\n", + " timberdoodle, bogsucker, night partridge, brush snipe, hokumpoke, and becasse. The\n", + " population of the American woodcock has fallen by an average of slightly more than\n", + " 1% annually since the 1960s. Most authorities attribute this decline to a loss of …\n", + "\n", + "Score 1.7618 [American_dusky_flycatcher] American dusky flycatcher\n", + " The dusky flycatcher is one of many species in the genus Empidonax. These species\n", + " are very similar in appearance and behavior, and they are notoriously difficult to\n", + " differentiate. The best characteristics for distinguishing these species are voice,\n", + " breeding habitat, and range. Adults have olive-gray upperparts, darker on the wings\n", + " and tail, with whitish underparts; they have a noticeable medium-width white eye\n", + " ring, white wing bars and a medium length tail. The breast is washed with olive- …\n", + "\n", + "Score 1.6152 [Baltimore_oriole] Baltimore oriole\n", + " The Baltimore oriole is the state bird of Maryland, and the namesake and mascot for\n", + " the Baltimore Orioles baseball team. The Baltimore oriole was formally described in\n", + " 1758 by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in the tenth edition of his Systema\n", + " Naturae under the binomial name Coracias galbula. He specified the type locality as\n", + " America, but this was restricted to Virginia in 1931. Linnaeus based his account on\n", + " the \"Baltimore-Bird\" that had been described and illustrated by the English …\n", + "\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "# ── query_string — single term, equivalent to type:text ────────────────────────\n", + "response_qs = idx.documents.search(\n", + " namespace=NAMESPACE,\n", + " top_k=5,\n", + " score_by=[{\"type\": \"query_string\", \"query\": \"body:(migration)\"}],\n", + " include_fields=[\"bird_name\", \"body\"],\n", + ")\n", + "\n", + "print('query_string body:(migration)\\n')\n", + "show_results(response_qs, \"body\", 6)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "id": "step6-header", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## 7. Requiring both terms: AND operator\n", + "\n", + "`type: \"text\"` with multiple words uses **OR semantics** — a document only needs\n", + "one term. `query_string` lets you enforce **AND**, so both terms must appear\n", + "in the field.\n", + "\n", + "The `+` prefix is equivalent: `body:(+aquatic +diving)` requires both;\n", + "`body:(+aquatic diving)` requires “aquatic” and optionally “diving”." + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 36, + "id": "step6-code", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "type:text \"aquatic diving\" (OR — either term)\n", + "\n", + "Score 5.5609 [Arctic_loon] Arctic loon\n", + " The black-throated loon (Gavia arctica), also known as the Arctic loon and the\n", + " black-throated diver, is a migratory aquatic bird found in the northern hemisphere,\n", + " primarily breeding in freshwater lakes in northern Europe and Asia. It winters along\n", + " sheltered, ice-free coasts of the north-east Atlantic Ocean and the eastern and …\n", + "\n", + "Score 4.3182 [American_white_pelican] American white pelican\n", + " The American white pelican (Pelecanus erythrorhynchos) is a large aquatic soaring\n", + " bird from the order Pelecaniformes. It breeds in interior North America, moving\n", + " south and to the coasts, as far as Costa Rica, in winter. The American white\n", + " pelican was formally described in 1789 by the German naturalist Johann Friedrich …\n", + "\n", + "Score 4.2712 [American_coot] American coot\n", + " The American coot (Fulica americana), also known as a mud hen or pouldeau, is a bird\n", + " of the family Rallidae. Though commonly mistaken for ducks, American coots are only\n", + " distantly related to ducks, belonging to a separate order. Unlike the webbed feet of\n", + " ducks, coots have broad, lobed scales on their lower legs and toes that fold back …\n", + "\n", + "Score 3.8841 [Black-capped_donacobius] Black-capped donacobius\n", + " The black-capped donacobius (Donacobius atricapilla) is a conspicuous, vocal South\n", + " American bird. It is distributed across the northern half of South America. In 1760\n", + " the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson included a description of the black-\n", + " capped donacobius in his Ornithologie based on a specimen that he mistakenly …\n", + "\n", + "Score 3.2792 [Anhinga] Anhinga\n", + " Plotus anhinga Linnaeus, 1766 The anhinga (/ænˈhɪŋɡə/; Anhinga anhinga), sometimes\n", + " called snakebird, darter, American darter, or water turkey, is a water bird of the\n", + " warmer parts of the Americas. The word anhinga comes from a'ñinga in the Brazilian\n", + " Tupi language and means \"devil bird\" or \"snake bird\". The origin of the name is …\n", + "\n", + "query_string body:(aquatic AND diving) (AND — both terms required)\n", + "\n", + "Score 5.5609 [Arctic_loon] Arctic loon\n", + " The black-throated loon (Gavia arctica), also known as the Arctic loon and the\n", + " black-throated diver, is a migratory aquatic bird found in the northern hemisphere,\n", + " primarily breeding in freshwater lakes in northern Europe and Asia. It winters along\n", + " sheltered, ice-free coasts of the north-east Atlantic Ocean and the eastern and …\n", + "\n", + "Score 4.3182 [American_white_pelican] American white pelican\n", + " The American white pelican (Pelecanus erythrorhynchos) is a large aquatic soaring\n", + " bird from the order Pelecaniformes. It breeds in interior North America, moving\n", + " south and to the coasts, as far as Costa Rica, in winter. The American white\n", + " pelican was formally described in 1789 by the German naturalist Johann Friedrich …\n", + "\n", + "Score 4.2712 [American_coot] American coot\n", + " The American coot (Fulica americana), also known as a mud hen or pouldeau, is a bird\n", + " of the family Rallidae. Though commonly mistaken for ducks, American coots are only\n", + " distantly related to ducks, belonging to a separate order. Unlike the webbed feet of\n", + " ducks, coots have broad, lobed scales on their lower legs and toes that fold back …\n", + "\n", + "In OR results but not AND (likely has only one term):\n", + " [Black-capped_donacobius] Black-capped donacobius\n", + " [Anhinga] Anhinga\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "# ── OR (type:text) vs AND (query_string) ────────────────────────────────────\n", + "QUERY_OR = \"aquatic diving\"\n", + "QUERY_AND = \"body:(aquatic AND diving)\"\n", + "\n", + "response_or = idx.documents.search(\n", + " namespace=NAMESPACE,\n", + " top_k=5,\n", + " score_by=[{\"type\": \"text\", \"field\": \"body\", \"query\": QUERY_OR}],\n", + " include_fields=[\"bird_name\", \"body\"],\n", + ")\n", + "\n", + "response_and = idx.documents.search(\n", + " namespace=NAMESPACE,\n", + " top_k=5,\n", + " score_by=[{\"type\": \"query_string\", \"query\": QUERY_AND}],\n", + " include_fields=[\"bird_name\", \"body\"],\n", + ")\n", + "\n", + "print(f'type:text \"{QUERY_OR}\" (OR — either term)\\n')\n", + "show_results(response_or, \"body\", 4)\n", + "\n", + "print(f'query_string {QUERY_AND} (AND — both terms required)\\n')\n", + "show_results(response_and, \"body\", 4)\n", + "\n", + "or_ids = {d._id for d in response_or.matches}\n", + "and_ids = {d._id for d in response_and.matches}\n", + "or_only = or_ids - and_ids\n", + "if or_only:\n", + " print(\"In OR results but not AND (likely has only one term):\")\n", + " for doc in response_or.matches:\n", + " if doc._id in or_only:\n", + " print(f\" [{doc._id}] {doc.get('bird_name')}\")" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "id": "step7-header", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## 8. Excluding terms: NOT operator\n", + "\n", + "`NOT` (or the `-` prefix) excludes any document where the term appears in the\n", + "field — a **hard filter on field content**, not a proximity constraint. A\n", + "document that discusses both raptors and owls is excluded because “owl”\n", + "appears somewhere in `body`, even if the article is primarily about a hawk." + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 55, + "id": "step7-code", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "query_string body:(raptor NOT owl)\n", + "\n", + "Score 4.1918 [American_kestrel] American kestrel\n", + " The American kestrel usually hunts in energy-conserving fashion by perching and\n", + " scanning the ground for prey to ambush, though it also hunts from the air. It\n", + " sometimes hovers in the air with rapid wing beats while homing in on prey. Its diet\n", + " typically consists of grasshoppers and other insects, lizards, mice, and small birds\n", + " (e.g. sparrows). This broad diet has contributed to its wide success as a species.\n", + " It nests in cavities in trees, cliffs, buildings, and other structures. The female\n", + " lays three to seven eggs, which both sexes help to incubate. Its breeding range\n", + " extends from central and western Alaska across northern Canada to Nova Scotia, and\n", + " south throughout North America, into central Mexico and the Caribbean. It is a local\n", + " breeder in Central America and is widely distributed throughout South America. …\n", + "\n", + "Score 2.8799 [American_black_vulture] American black vulture\n", + " The black vulture (Coragyps atratus), also known as the American black vulture,\n", + " Mexican vulture, zopilote, urubu, or gallinazo, is a bird in the New World vulture\n", + " family whose range extends from the southeastern United States to Peru, Central\n", + " Chile and Uruguay in South America. Although a common and widespread species, it has\n", + " a somewhat more restricted distribution than its compatriot, the turkey vulture,\n", + " which breeds well into Canada and all the way south to Tierra del Fuego. It is the\n", + " only extant member of the genus Coragyps, which is in the family Cathartidae.\n", + " Despite the similar name and appearance, this species is not closely related to the\n", + " Eurasian black vulture, an Old World vulture, of the family Accipitridae (which\n", + " includes raptors like the eagles, hawks, kites, and harriers). For ease of …\n", + "\n", + "Score 1.2136 [African_sacred_ibis] African sacred ibis\n", + " The African sacred ibis (Threskiornis aethiopicus) is a species of ibis, a wading\n", + " bird of the family Threskiornithidae. It is native to much of Africa, as well as\n", + " small parts of Iraq, Iran and Kuwait. It is especially known for its role in Ancient\n", + " Egyptian religion, where it was linked to the god Thoth. The species is currently\n", + " extirpated from Egypt. It is very closely related to the black-headed ibis and the\n", + " Australian white ibis, with which it forms a superspecies complex, so much so that\n", + " the three species are considered conspecific by some ornithologists. In mixed flocks\n", + " these ibises often hybridise. The Australian white ibis is often called the sacred\n", + " ibis colloquially. Although known to the ancient civilisations of Greece, Rome and\n", + " especially Africa, ibises were unfamiliar to western Europeans from the fall of …\n", + "\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "# ── NOT: raptors excluding owls ───────────────────────────────────────────\n", + "response_not = idx.documents.search(\n", + " namespace=NAMESPACE,\n", + " top_k=5,\n", + " score_by=[{\"type\": \"query_string\", \"query\": \"body:(raptor NOT owl)\"}],\n", + " include_fields=[\"bird_name\", \"body\"],\n", + ")\n", + "\n", + "print('query_string body:(raptor NOT owl)\\n')\n", + "show_results(response_not, \"body\")" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "id": "step8-header", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## 9. Exact phrase vs. token OR in `bird_name`\n", + "\n", + "The `bird_name` field is short (2–4 words), which makes the difference between\n", + "phrase and token-OR immediately visible in results.\n", + "\n", + "- **Token OR** `bird_name:(crested hummingbird)` — matches any name containing\n", + " *crested* **or** *hummingbird*: Antillean crested hummingbird, Black-crested titmouse\n", + "- **Exact phrase** `bird_name:(\"crested hummingbird\")` — only names where the tokens\n", + " *crested* and *hummingbird* appear **adjacent and in that order**: Antillean crested hummingbird\n", + "\n", + "Note: `bird_name` has stemming **off**, so phrase matching is purely\n", + "token-level with no morphological expansion." + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 38, + "id": "step8-code", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Token OR bird_name:(crested hummingbird)\n", + "\n", + "Score 6.1322 [Antillean_crested_hummingbird] Antillean crested hummingbird\n", + " Trochilus cristatus Linnaeus, 1758\n", + "\n", + "Score 3.3712 [Black-crested_antshrike] Black-crested antshrike\n", + " Lanius canadensis Linnaeus, 1766\n", + "\n", + "Score 3.3712 [Black-crested_coquette] Black-crested coquette\n", + " Ornismya helenae\n", + "\n", + "Score 3.3712 [Black-crested_titmouse] Black-crested titmouse\n", + " The black-crested titmouse or Mexican titmouse (Baeolophus atricristatus), is a\n", + " passerine bird in the tit family Paridae. Once considered a subspecies of the tufted\n", + " titmouse (B. bicolor), it was recognized as a separate species in 2002. It is native\n", + " to southern Texas, Oklahoma, and east-central Mexico. Vagrants have been seen as far\n", + " north and east as St. Louis, Missouri.\n", + "\n", + "Score 3.2266 [Amazilia_hummingbird] Amazilia hummingbird\n", + " Amazilia amazilia\n", + "\n", + "Exact phrase bird_name:(\"crested hummingbird\")\n", + "\n", + "Score 6.1322 [Antillean_crested_hummingbird] Antillean crested hummingbird\n", + " Trochilus cristatus Linnaeus, 1758\n", + "\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "# ── Token OR vs exact phrase in bird_name ───────────────────────────────────\n", + "response_tokens = idx.documents.search(\n", + " namespace=NAMESPACE,\n", + " top_k=5,\n", + " score_by=[{\"type\": \"query_string\", \"query\": 'bird_name:(crested hummingbird)'}],\n", + " include_fields=[\"bird_name\", \"intro\"],\n", + ")\n", + "\n", + "response_phrase = idx.documents.search(\n", + " namespace=NAMESPACE,\n", + " top_k=5,\n", + " score_by=[{\"type\": \"query_string\", \"query\": 'bird_name:(\"crested hummingbird\")'}],\n", + " include_fields=[\"bird_name\", \"intro\"],\n", + ")\n", + "\n", + "print('Token OR bird_name:(crested hummingbird)\\n')\n", + "show_results(response_tokens, \"intro\")\n", + "\n", + "print('Exact phrase bird_name:(\"crested hummingbird\")\\n')\n", + "show_results(response_phrase, \"intro\")" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "id": "step9-header", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## 10. Phrase proximity (slop): flexible phrase matching in `body`\n", + "\n", + "A strict phrase requires tokens to be **adjacent**. Adding `~N` (slop)\n", + "allows up to *N* intervening or reordered tokens, catching natural-language\n", + "paraphrases of the same concept.\n", + "\n", + "`body:(\"nest colony\"~3)` matches:\n", + "- “nest in a colony” (2 words between)\n", + "- “colonial nesting” (reversed order counts against the slop budget)\n", + "- \"nest in colonies\" (1 word between, stemming on)\n", + "- “nesting in large colonies” (2 words between, stemming on)\n", + "\n", + "Contrast with the strict phrase `body:(\"nest colony\")`, which requires the\n", + "tokens to be directly adjacent." + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 39, + "id": "step9-code", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Strict phrase body:(\"nest colony\")\n", + "\n", + "Score 2.7594 [Ashy_storm-petrel] Ashy storm-petrel\n", + " The ashy storm petrel was first described by American ornithologist Elliott Coues in\n", + " 1864. Both its common and scientific name, homochroa, \"uniformly colored\", from\n", + " Ancient Greek (h)omoia (όμοια), \"alike\" + \"chroma\" (χρώμα) \"color\", come from its\n", + " coloration. It was formerly defined in the genus Oceanodroma before that genus was\n", + " synonymized with Hydrobates. This is a small, uniformly sooty-brown storm petrel\n", + " with a forked tail, closely resembling the black storm petrel, but it is smaller and\n", + " has a more fluttering style of flight, with the upstroke only becoming horizontal to\n", + " the body before beginning the downstroke (other storm petrels in its range have a\n", + " higher upstroke). It is a gregarious bird at sea, feeding nocturnally on\n", + " cephalopods, fish (particularly the deep-sea myctophids, which rise to the sea's\n", + " surface at night) and euphausiid krill such as Thysanoessa spinifera, which also\n", + " swarm at the surface. They also attend fishing vessels for the fish oils released\n", + " when the nets are pulled. Ashy storm petrels nest in rock burrows on offshore\n", + " islands, returning to the nests at night. The species has a long breeding cycle,\n", + " laying eggs in May and fledging in October, although timing varies greatly, more so\n", + " than in most other storm petrels; some pairs may have a chick that is half grown\n", + " when other pairs are still laying. Like in many other seabirds, pairs show both mate\n", + " and site fidelity, mating in the same pair with the same mate for many years and\n", + " nesting at the same burrow, despite the pairs spending their lives out of the\n", + " breeding season separate from each other, and despite the fact that many individuals\n", + " might seem to compete for burrows at the nesting colonies. A change in mate is\n", + " usually associated with a change in nesting site. The ashy storm petrel is a long-\n", + " lived bird; a banded individual has lived at least 31 years. Ashy storm petrels\n", + " breed on 17 islands in the northeast Pacific, principally off the coast of\n", + " California, but including a few sites off the coast of northwestern Mexico. Half the\n", + " world's population nests on the Farallon Islands near San Francisco. Other breeding\n", + " islands include the eight Channel Islands of California and a small population on\n", + " Mexico's Coronados. Bat Cave, on the north side of Santa Cruz Island in Southern\n", + " California, has the largest nesting colony for the ashy storm petrel in the world,\n", + " with over 100 nests. Outside of the breeding season, it is believed to be more\n", + " widely distributed, foraging on the California Current, but it undertakes no large\n", + " migration and does not range as far as other species of storm petrels. In the early\n", + " fall, large flocks can be seen in Monterey Bay. The birds do not range inland any\n", + " significant distance except when storm-blown; for example, a sighting in San Mateo\n", + " County, California was considered \"unusual\" by an experienced naturalist. The world\n", + " population is estimated to be around 10,000 birds, 8,000 of them breeders, with the\n", + " Farallon population having declined by one-third between 1972 and 1992. The ashy\n", + " storm petrel is designated as a species of conservation concern in California. It is\n", + " threatened by western gull and burrowing owl predation, illumination from fishing\n", + " boats, introduced predators such as rats and feral cats, and pollution. Most of the\n", + " islands where it breeds are covered by some degree of protection. Global warming\n", + " could have a profound impact on ashy storm petrels. Future changes to coastal\n", + " California waters due to global warming could result in warmer, less productive\n", + " waters, which would mean less food would be available for the petrels. In addition,\n", + " ocean acidification may result in a decline of crustacean prey species due to the\n", + " effects that excess CO2 will have on the animals' shells. Sea-level rise will also\n", + " threaten certain nesting sites that would be located too close to water.\n", + "\n", + "Score 2.5735 [American_cliff_swallow] American cliff swallow\n", + " The cliff swallow or American cliff swallow (Petrochelidon pyrrhonota) is a member\n", + " of the passerine bird family Hirundinidae, the swallows and martins. The generic\n", + " name Petrochelidon is derived from the Ancient Greek petros meaning \"stone\" and\n", + " khelidon (χελιδών) \"swallow\", and the specific name pyrrhonota comes from purrhos\n", + " meaning \"flame-coloured\" and -notos \"-backed\". Cliff swallows are extremely social\n", + " songbirds that can be found in large nesting colonies reaching over 2,000 nests.\n", + " They are frequently seen flying overhead in large flocks during migration,\n", + " gracefully foraging over fields for flying insects or perching tightly together on a\n", + " wire preening under the sun. Cliff swallows build gourd-shaped nests made from mud\n", + " with small entrance holes. They build their nests tightly together, on top of one\n", + " another, under bridges or alongside mountain cliffs. Living in large populations,\n", + " these aerial insectivores use extensive vocalizations to communicate warnings or\n", + " food availability to the other individuals. The cliff swallow's average body length\n", + " is 13 cm (5.1 in), and they have short legs and small bills with relatively long\n", + " pointed wings. Adult cliff swallows have an overall dark brownish plumage covering\n", + " both their back and wings, and they have a characteristic white forehead, rich red-\n", + " coloured cheeks with a dark throat, basic white underparts and a buffy-coloured\n", + " rump. In good lighting conditions, their crowns and mantle feathers are iridescent.\n", + " The Northern population is slightly larger in body size and also differs in facial\n", + " markings from the Mexican population of cliff swallows, which have a chocolate-brown\n", + " patch on their foreheads. The male and female have identical plumage, therefore\n", + " sexing them must be done through palpation of the cloaca. During the breeding\n", + " season, the males will have a harder cloaca that is more pronounced because the\n", + " seminal vesicles are swollen. In addition, during incubation females will lose\n", + " feathers on their lower breast to create a warm patch for sitting on their eggs.\n", + " Cliff swallows are similar in body plumage colouring to the related barn swallow\n", + " species but lack the characteristic fork-shaped tail of the barn swallow prominent\n", + " during flight. The cliff swallows have a square-shaped tail. Juvenile cliff\n", + " swallows have an overall similar body plumage colouring to the adults, with paler\n", + " tones. The juveniles lack the iridescent adult plumages, and their foreheads and\n", + " throats appear speckled white. The juvenile cliff swallows' white forehead and\n", + " throat markings have high variance between unrelated individuals compared with those\n", + " from the same clutch. These distinctive white facial markings disappear during\n", + " maturity following their complex-basic moult pattern, because their pre-formative\n", + " plumage is different from the basic plumage. The pre-formative facial plumage has\n", + " been suggested as a possible way for parents nesting in large colonies to recognize\n", + " their chicks. The cliff swallow belongs to the largest order and dominant avian\n", + " group – Passeriformes. They are the perching birds, or the passerines. All the bird\n", + " species in this order have four toes, three pointing forward and one pointing\n", + " backwards (anisodactylous), that enable them to perch with ease. The sub-order that\n", + " the cliff swallow belongs to is Oscines (or Passeri), for the songbirds. The family\n", + " that encompasses approximately 90 species of swallows and martins, Hirundinidae,\n", + " includes birds that have small stream-lined bodies made for great agility and rapid\n", + " flight. Furthermore, those in the family Hirundinidae have short-flat bills for\n", + " their largely insectivorous diets, small feet because they spend much of their time\n", + " in flight and long wings for energy-efficient flight. There are five subspecies of\n", + " cliff swallow distinguished on the basis of plumage colour, body size, and\n", + " distribution – Petrochelidon pyrrhonota pyrrhonota, P. p. melanogaster, P. p.\n", + " tachina, P. p. hypopolia, P. p. ganieri. In addition, three core genera of hirundo\n", + " were established on the basis of molecular studies: Hirundo sensu stricto,\n", + " containing the barn swallow; Cecropis, containing the red-rumped swallow; and\n", + " Petrochelidon, containing the cliff swallow. The genetic tests deemed Petrochelidon\n", + " and Cecropis sister to each other and both closest to Delichon, the house martins.\n", + " Finally, the cave swallow was identified as the nearest living relative in North\n", + " America of the cliff swallow. The cave swallow has a similar plumage to the cliff\n", + " swallow; however, the former has a dark cap and pale throat, and also a much smaller\n", + " distribution in North America, most likely due to a decline in suitable cave sites.\n", + " As their name suggests, throughout history the cliff swallows concentrated their\n", + " nesting colonies along mountain cliffs, primarily by the western North American\n", + " coast. Today, with the development of highways, concrete bridges, and buildings …\n", + "\n", + "Score 1.7089 [Black-crowned_night-heron] Black-crowned night-heron\n", + " The black-crowned night heron (Nycticorax nycticorax) [or black-capped night\n", + " heron[citation needed]], commonly shortened to just night heron in Eurasia, is a\n", + " medium-sized heron found throughout a large part of the world, including parts of\n", + " Europe, Asia, and North and South America. In Australasia it is replaced by the\n", + " closely related Nankeen night heron (N. caledonicus), with which it has hybridised\n", + " in the area of contact. The black-crowned night heron was formally described by the\n", + " Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the tenth edition of his Systema\n", + " Naturae. He placed it with herons, cranes and egrets in the genus Ardea and coined\n", + " the binomial name Ardea nycticorax, based on specimens from southern Europe. It is\n", + " now placed in the genus Nycticorax that was described in 1817 by the English\n", + " naturalist Thomas Forster for this species. The epithet nycticorax is from Ancient\n", + " Greek and combines nux, nuktos meaning \"night\" and korax meaning \"raven\". The word\n", + " was used by authors such as Aristotle and Hesychius of Miletus for a \"bird of ill\n", + " omen\", perhaps an owl. The word was used by the Swiss naturalist Conrad Gessner in\n", + " 1555 and then by subsequent authors for a black-crowned night heron. Four\n", + " subspecies are accepted: In the Falkland Islands, the bird is called quark, which\n", + " is an onomatopoeia similar to its name in many other languages, like qua-bird in\n", + " English, kwak in Dutch and West Frisian, kvakoš noční in Czech, квак in Ukrainian,\n", + " кваква in Russian, vạc in Vietnamese, kowak-malam in Indonesian, hoactli (\"wactli\")\n", + " in Nahuatl (cf. the scientific name of the New World subspecies), and waqwa in\n", + " Quechua. Adults have a black crown and back with the remainder of the body white or\n", + " grey, red eyes, and short yellow legs. They have pale grey wings and white under\n", + " parts. One to eight (mostly two to four) long slender white plumes, erected in\n", + " greeting and courtship displays, extend from the back of the head. The sexes are\n", + " similar in appearance although the males are slightly larger. Black-crowned night\n", + " herons do not fit the typical body form of the heron family. They are relatively\n", + " stocky with shorter bills, legs, and necks than their more familiar cousins, the\n", + " egrets and \"day\" herons. Their resting posture is normally somewhat hunched but when\n", + " hunting they extend their necks and look more like other wading birds. For a short\n", + " period during courtship at the start of the nesting season, the legs of adults turn\n", + " bright salmon-pink, and the bare skin around the eyes blue. The subspecies differ\n", + " little; nominate N. n. nycticorax and N. n. hoactli are particularly similar in\n", + " plumage (some authors have considered N. n. hoactli a synonym of the nominate), but\n", + " the latter is on average slightly larger. N. n obscurus is the most distinctive\n", + " subspecies, clearly darker than N. n. hoactli from further north in South America,\n", + " but N. n. falklandicus is intermediate, with both paler and darker individuals\n", + " occurring. Immature birds have dull grey-brown plumage on their heads, wings, and\n", + " backs, with numerous pale \"teardrop\" spots. Their underparts are paler and streaked\n", + " with brown. Second and third year birds attain plumages increasingly similar to\n", + " adults, but lacking the white head plumes. The young birds have orange eyes and\n", + " duller yellowish-green legs. They are very noisy birds in their nesting colonies,\n", + " with calls that are commonly transcribed as quok or woc. Measurements: The\n", + " breeding habitat is fresh and salt-water wetlands throughout much of the world. The\n", + " nominate subspecies N. n. nycticorax breeds in Europe, Asia and Africa, subspecies\n", + " N. n. hoactli in North and South America from Canada as far south as northern\n", + " Argentina and Chile, N. n. obscurus in southernmost South America, and N. n.\n", + " falklandicus in the Falkland Islands. Black-crowned night herons nest in colonies on\n", + " platforms of sticks in a group of trees, or on the ground in protected locations\n", + " such as islands or reedbeds. Three to eight eggs are laid. This heron is migratory\n", + " in the northern parts of its range, but is otherwise resident (even in the cold\n", + " Patagonia). European birds winter in Africa (with a few staying in southern Spain),\n", + " central and east Asian birds winter in southern Asia, and North American birds\n", + " winters in Mexico, the southern United States, Central America, and the West Indies.\n", + " A colony of the herons has regularly summered at the National Zoo in Washington,\n", + " D.C. for more than a century. The birds also prominently live year-round in the\n", + " shores around the San Francisco Bay, with the largest rookery in Oakland. Their ever\n", + " presence at Oakland's Lake Merritt and throughout the city's downtown area, as well\n", + " as their resilience to the urban environment and displacement efforts, have led to\n", + " them being named Oakland's official city bird. There are two archaeological\n", + " specimens of the black-crowned night heron in Great Britain. The oldest is from …\n", + "\n", + "Score 1.5022 [American_white_pelican] American white pelican\n", + " The American white pelican (Pelecanus erythrorhynchos) is a large aquatic soaring\n", + " bird from the order Pelecaniformes. It breeds in interior North America, moving\n", + " south and to the coasts, as far as Costa Rica, in winter. The American white\n", + " pelican was formally described in 1789 by the German naturalist Johann Friedrich\n", + " Gmelin in his revised and expanded edition of Carl Linnaeus's Systema Naturae. He\n", + " placed it with the other pelicans in the genus Pelecanus and coined the binomial\n", + " name Pelecanus erythrorhynchos. Gmelin based his description on the \"rough-billed\n", + " pelican\" that had been described in 1785 by the English ornithologist John Latham.\n", + " Latham had access to three specimens that had been brought to London from New York\n", + " and the Hudson Bay area of North America. The scientific name means \"red-billed\n", + " pelican\", from the Latin term for a pelican, Pelecanus, and erythrorhynchos, derived\n", + " from the Ancient Greek words erythros (ἐρυθρός, \"red\") + rhynchos (ῥύγχος, \"bill\").\n", + " The species is monotypic: no subspecies are recognised. The American white pelican\n", + " rivals the trumpeter swan, with a similar overall length, as one of the longest\n", + " birds native to North America. Both very large and plump, it has an overall length\n", + " of about 50–70 in (130–180 cm), courtesy of the huge beak which measures 11.3–15.2\n", + " in (290–390 mm) in males and 10.3–14.2 in (260–360 mm) in females. It has a wingspan\n", + " of about 95–120 in (240–300 cm). The species also has the second-largest average\n", + " wingspan of any North American bird, after the California condor. This large\n", + " wingspan allows the bird to easily use soaring flight for migration. Body weight can\n", + " range between 7.7 and 30 lb (3.5 and 13.6 kg), although typically these birds\n", + " average between 11 and 20 lb (5.0 and 9.1 kg). One mean body mass of 15.4 lb (7.0\n", + " kg) was reported. Another study found mean weights to be somewhat lower than\n", + " expected, with eleven males averaging 13.97 lb (6.34 kg) and six females averaging\n", + " 10.95 lb (4.97 kg). Among standard measurements, the wing chord measures 20–26.7 in\n", + " (51–68 cm) and the tarsus measures 3.9–5.4 in (9.9–13.7 cm) long. The plumage is\n", + " almost entirely bright white, except for the black primary and secondary remiges,\n", + " which are hardly visible except in flight. From early spring until after breeding\n", + " has finished in mid-late summer, the breast feathers have a yellowish hue. After\n", + " moulting into the eclipse plumage, the upper head often has a grey hue, as blackish\n", + " feathers grow between the small wispy white crest. The bill is huge and flat on the\n", + " top, with a large throat sac below, and, in the breeding season, is vivid orange in\n", + " color as is the bare skin around the eye and the feet. Iris coloration depends upon\n", + " age and season, ranging from bright white to hazel to blue-gray. In the breeding\n", + " season, both sexes grow a laterally flattened keratinous \"horn\" on the upper bill,\n", + " located about one-third the bill's length behind the tip. This is the only one of\n", + " the eight species of pelican to have a bill \"horn\". The horn is shed after the birds\n", + " have mated and laid their eggs. Outside the breeding season, the bare parts become\n", + " duller in color, with the naked facial skin yellow and the bill, pouch, and feet a\n", + " dull pink-orange. Apart from the difference in size, males and females look exactly\n", + " alike. Immature birds have light grey plumage with darker brownish nape and remiges.\n", + " Their bare parts are dull grey. Chicks are naked at first, then grow white down\n", + " feathers all over, before moulting to the immature plumage. American white pelicans\n", + " nest in colonies of several hundred pairs on islands in remote brackish and\n", + " freshwater lakes of inland North America. The most northerly nesting colony can be\n", + " found on islands in the rapids of the Slave River between Fort Fitzgerald, Alberta,\n", + " and Fort Smith, Northwest Territories. Several groups have been visiting the bird\n", + " sanctuary at Useless Bay in the state of Washington since 2015. About 10–20% of the\n", + " population uses Gunnison Island in the Great Basin's Great Salt Lake as a nesting\n", + " ground. The southernmost colonies are in southeastern Ontario and western Nevada.\n", + " They winter on the Pacific and Gulf of Mexico coasts from central California and\n", + " Florida south to Costa Rica, and along the Mississippi River at least as far north\n", + " as St. Paul, Minnesota. In winter quarters, they are rarely found on the open\n", + " seashore, preferring estuaries, bays, and lakes. They cross deserts and mountains\n", + " but avoid the open ocean on migration. But stray birds, often blown off course by\n", + " hurricanes, have been seen in the Caribbean. In Colombian territory, it was recorded\n", + " first on February 22, 1997, on the San Andrés Island, where they might have been\n", + " swept by Hurricane Marco which passed nearby in November 1996. Since then, there\n", + " have also been a few observations likely to pertain to this species on the Colombian\n", + " mainland, e.g. at Calamar. Wild American white pelicans may live for more than 16 …\n", + "\n", + "Score 1.0705 [American_black_vulture] American black vulture\n", + " The black vulture (Coragyps atratus), also known as the American black vulture,\n", + " Mexican vulture, zopilote, urubu, or gallinazo, is a bird in the New World vulture\n", + " family whose range extends from the southeastern United States to Peru, Central\n", + " Chile and Uruguay in South America. Although a common and widespread species, it has\n", + " a somewhat more restricted distribution than its compatriot, the turkey vulture,\n", + " which breeds well into Canada and all the way south to Tierra del Fuego. It is the\n", + " only extant member of the genus Coragyps, which is in the family Cathartidae.\n", + " Despite the similar name and appearance, this species is not closely related to the\n", + " Eurasian black vulture, an Old World vulture, of the family Accipitridae (which\n", + " includes raptors like the eagles, hawks, kites, and harriers). For ease of locating\n", + " animal corpses (their primary source of sustenance), black vultures tend to inhabit\n", + " relatively open areas with scattered trees, such as chaparral, in addition to\n", + " subtropical forested areas and parts of the Brazilian pantanal. With a wingspan of\n", + " 1.5 m (4.9 ft), the black vulture is an imposing bird, though relatively small for a\n", + " vulture, let alone a raptor. It has black plumage, a featherless, grayish-black head\n", + " and neck, and a short, hooked beak. These features are all evolutionary adaptations\n", + " to life as a scavenger; their black plumage stays visibly cleaner than that of a\n", + " lighter-colored bird, the bare head is designed for easily digging inside animal\n", + " carcasses, and the hooked beak is built for stripping the bodies clean of meat. The\n", + " absence of head feathers helps the birds stay clean and remain (more or less) free\n", + " of animal blood and bodily fluids, which could become problematic for the vultures\n", + " and attract parasites; most vultures are known to bathe after eating, provided there\n", + " is a water source. This water source can be natural or man-made, such as a stream or\n", + " a livestock water tank. The black vulture is a scavenger and feeds on carrion, but\n", + " will also eat eggs, small reptiles, or small newborn animals (livestock such as\n", + " cattle, or deer, rodents, rabbits, etc.), albeit very rarely. They will also\n", + " opportunistically prey on extremely weakened, sick, elderly, or otherwise vulnerable\n", + " animals. In areas populated by humans, it also scavenges at dumpster sites and\n", + " garbage dumps. It finds its meals by using its keen eyesight or following other (New\n", + " World) vultures, which all possess a keen sense of smell. Lacking a syrinx—the vocal\n", + " organ of birds—its only vocalizations are grunts or low hisses. It lays its eggs in\n", + " caves, in cliffside rock crevasses, dead and hollow trees, or, in the absence of\n", + " predators, on the bare ground, generally raising two chicks each year. The parents\n", + " feed their young by regurgitation from their crop, an additional digestive organ\n", + " unique to birds, used for storing excess food; their “infant formula”, of sorts, is\n", + " thus called “crop milk”. In the United States, the vulture receives legal protection\n", + " under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918. This vulture also appeared in Mayan\n", + " codices. The American naturalist William Bartram wrote of the black vulture in his\n", + " 1791 book Bartram's Travels, calling it Vultur atratus \"black vulture\" or \"carrion\n", + " crow\". Bartram's work has been rejected for nomenclatoríal purposes by the\n", + " International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature as the author did not\n", + " consistently use the system of binomial nomenclature. The German ornithologist\n", + " Johann Matthäus Bechstein formally described the species using the same name in 1793\n", + " in his translation of John Latham's A General Synopsis of Birds. The common name\n", + " \"vulture\" is derived from the Latin word vulturus, which means \"tearer\" and is a\n", + " reference to its feeding habits. The species name, ātrātus, means \"clothed in\n", + " black\", from the Latin āter 'dull black'. Vieillot defined the genus Catharista in\n", + " 1816, listing as its type C. urubu. French naturalist Emmanuel Le Maout placed in\n", + " its current genus Coragyps (as C. urubu) in 1853. Isidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire has\n", + " been listed as the author in the past, but he did not publish any official\n", + " description. The genus name means \"raven-vulture\", from a contraction of the Greek\n", + " corax/κόραξ and gyps/γὺψ for the respective birds. The American Ornithologists'\n", + " Union used the name Catharista atrata initially before adopting Vieillot's name\n", + " (Catharista urubu) in their third edition. By their fourth edition, they had adopted\n", + " the current name. The black vulture is basal (the earliest offshoot) to a lineage\n", + " that gave rise to the turkey vulture and greater and lesser yellow-headed vultures,\n", + " diverging around 12 million years ago. Martin Lichtenstein described C. a. foetens,\n", + " the Andean black vulture, in 1817, and Charles Lucien Bonaparte described C. a.\n", + " brasiliensis, from Central and South America, in 1850 on the basis of smaller size\n", + " and minor plumage differences. However, it has been established that the change …\n", + "\n", + "Proximity slop body:(\"nest colony\"~3)\n", + "\n", + "Score 2.8914 [American_cliff_swallow] American cliff swallow\n", + " The cliff swallow or American cliff swallow (Petrochelidon pyrrhonota) is a member\n", + " of the passerine bird family Hirundinidae, the swallows and martins. The generic\n", + " name Petrochelidon is derived from the Ancient Greek petros meaning \"stone\" and\n", + " khelidon (χελιδών) \"swallow\", and the specific name pyrrhonota comes from purrhos\n", + " meaning \"flame-coloured\" and -notos \"-backed\". Cliff swallows are extremely social\n", + " songbirds that can be found in large nesting colonies reaching over 2,000 nests.\n", + " They are frequently seen flying overhead in large flocks during migration,\n", + " gracefully foraging over fields for flying insects or perching tightly together on a\n", + " wire preening under the sun. Cliff swallows build gourd-shaped nests made from mud\n", + " with small entrance holes. They build their nests tightly together, on top of one\n", + " another, under bridges or alongside mountain cliffs. Living in large populations,\n", + " these aerial insectivores use extensive vocalizations to communicate warnings or\n", + " food availability to the other individuals. The cliff swallow's average body length\n", + " is 13 cm (5.1 in), and they have short legs and small bills with relatively long\n", + " pointed wings. Adult cliff swallows have an overall dark brownish plumage covering\n", + " both their back and wings, and they have a characteristic white forehead, rich red-\n", + " coloured cheeks with a dark throat, basic white underparts and a buffy-coloured\n", + " rump. In good lighting conditions, their crowns and mantle feathers are iridescent.\n", + " The Northern population is slightly larger in body size and also differs in facial\n", + " markings from the Mexican population of cliff swallows, which have a chocolate-brown\n", + " patch on their foreheads. The male and female have identical plumage, therefore\n", + " sexing them must be done through palpation of the cloaca. During the breeding\n", + " season, the males will have a harder cloaca that is more pronounced because the\n", + " seminal vesicles are swollen. In addition, during incubation females will lose\n", + " feathers on their lower breast to create a warm patch for sitting on their eggs.\n", + " Cliff swallows are similar in body plumage colouring to the related barn swallow\n", + " species but lack the characteristic fork-shaped tail of the barn swallow prominent\n", + " during flight. The cliff swallows have a square-shaped tail. Juvenile cliff\n", + " swallows have an overall similar body plumage colouring to the adults, with paler\n", + " tones. The juveniles lack the iridescent adult plumages, and their foreheads and\n", + " throats appear speckled white. The juvenile cliff swallows' white forehead and\n", + " throat markings have high variance between unrelated individuals compared with those\n", + " from the same clutch. These distinctive white facial markings disappear during\n", + " maturity following their complex-basic moult pattern, because their pre-formative\n", + " plumage is different from the basic plumage. The pre-formative facial plumage has\n", + " been suggested as a possible way for parents nesting in large colonies to recognize\n", + " their chicks. The cliff swallow belongs to the largest order and dominant avian\n", + " group – Passeriformes. They are the perching birds, or the passerines. All the bird\n", + " species in this order have four toes, three pointing forward and one pointing\n", + " backwards (anisodactylous), that enable them to perch with ease. The sub-order that\n", + " the cliff swallow belongs to is Oscines (or Passeri), for the songbirds. The family\n", + " that encompasses approximately 90 species of swallows and martins, Hirundinidae,\n", + " includes birds that have small stream-lined bodies made for great agility and rapid\n", + " flight. Furthermore, those in the family Hirundinidae have short-flat bills for\n", + " their largely insectivorous diets, small feet because they spend much of their time\n", + " in flight and long wings for energy-efficient flight. There are five subspecies of\n", + " cliff swallow distinguished on the basis of plumage colour, body size, and\n", + " distribution – Petrochelidon pyrrhonota pyrrhonota, P. p. melanogaster, P. p.\n", + " tachina, P. p. hypopolia, P. p. ganieri. In addition, three core genera of hirundo\n", + " were established on the basis of molecular studies: Hirundo sensu stricto,\n", + " containing the barn swallow; Cecropis, containing the red-rumped swallow; and\n", + " Petrochelidon, containing the cliff swallow. The genetic tests deemed Petrochelidon\n", + " and Cecropis sister to each other and both closest to Delichon, the house martins.\n", + " Finally, the cave swallow was identified as the nearest living relative in North\n", + " America of the cliff swallow. The cave swallow has a similar plumage to the cliff\n", + " swallow; however, the former has a dark cap and pale throat, and also a much smaller\n", + " distribution in North America, most likely due to a decline in suitable cave sites.\n", + " As their name suggests, throughout history the cliff swallows concentrated their\n", + " nesting colonies along mountain cliffs, primarily by the western North American\n", + " coast. Today, with the development of highways, concrete bridges, and buildings …\n", + "\n", + "Score 2.7644 [American_white_pelican] American white pelican\n", + " The American white pelican (Pelecanus erythrorhynchos) is a large aquatic soaring\n", + " bird from the order Pelecaniformes. It breeds in interior North America, moving\n", + " south and to the coasts, as far as Costa Rica, in winter. The American white\n", + " pelican was formally described in 1789 by the German naturalist Johann Friedrich\n", + " Gmelin in his revised and expanded edition of Carl Linnaeus's Systema Naturae. He\n", + " placed it with the other pelicans in the genus Pelecanus and coined the binomial\n", + " name Pelecanus erythrorhynchos. Gmelin based his description on the \"rough-billed\n", + " pelican\" that had been described in 1785 by the English ornithologist John Latham.\n", + " Latham had access to three specimens that had been brought to London from New York\n", + " and the Hudson Bay area of North America. The scientific name means \"red-billed\n", + " pelican\", from the Latin term for a pelican, Pelecanus, and erythrorhynchos, derived\n", + " from the Ancient Greek words erythros (ἐρυθρός, \"red\") + rhynchos (ῥύγχος, \"bill\").\n", + " The species is monotypic: no subspecies are recognised. The American white pelican\n", + " rivals the trumpeter swan, with a similar overall length, as one of the longest\n", + " birds native to North America. Both very large and plump, it has an overall length\n", + " of about 50–70 in (130–180 cm), courtesy of the huge beak which measures 11.3–15.2\n", + " in (290–390 mm) in males and 10.3–14.2 in (260–360 mm) in females. It has a wingspan\n", + " of about 95–120 in (240–300 cm). The species also has the second-largest average\n", + " wingspan of any North American bird, after the California condor. This large\n", + " wingspan allows the bird to easily use soaring flight for migration. Body weight can\n", + " range between 7.7 and 30 lb (3.5 and 13.6 kg), although typically these birds\n", + " average between 11 and 20 lb (5.0 and 9.1 kg). One mean body mass of 15.4 lb (7.0\n", + " kg) was reported. Another study found mean weights to be somewhat lower than\n", + " expected, with eleven males averaging 13.97 lb (6.34 kg) and six females averaging\n", + " 10.95 lb (4.97 kg). Among standard measurements, the wing chord measures 20–26.7 in\n", + " (51–68 cm) and the tarsus measures 3.9–5.4 in (9.9–13.7 cm) long. The plumage is\n", + " almost entirely bright white, except for the black primary and secondary remiges,\n", + " which are hardly visible except in flight. From early spring until after breeding\n", + " has finished in mid-late summer, the breast feathers have a yellowish hue. After\n", + " moulting into the eclipse plumage, the upper head often has a grey hue, as blackish\n", + " feathers grow between the small wispy white crest. The bill is huge and flat on the\n", + " top, with a large throat sac below, and, in the breeding season, is vivid orange in\n", + " color as is the bare skin around the eye and the feet. Iris coloration depends upon\n", + " age and season, ranging from bright white to hazel to blue-gray. In the breeding\n", + " season, both sexes grow a laterally flattened keratinous \"horn\" on the upper bill,\n", + " located about one-third the bill's length behind the tip. This is the only one of\n", + " the eight species of pelican to have a bill \"horn\". The horn is shed after the birds\n", + " have mated and laid their eggs. Outside the breeding season, the bare parts become\n", + " duller in color, with the naked facial skin yellow and the bill, pouch, and feet a\n", + " dull pink-orange. Apart from the difference in size, males and females look exactly\n", + " alike. Immature birds have light grey plumage with darker brownish nape and remiges.\n", + " Their bare parts are dull grey. Chicks are naked at first, then grow white down\n", + " feathers all over, before moulting to the immature plumage. American white pelicans\n", + " nest in colonies of several hundred pairs on islands in remote brackish and\n", + " freshwater lakes of inland North America. The most northerly nesting colony can be\n", + " found on islands in the rapids of the Slave River between Fort Fitzgerald, Alberta,\n", + " and Fort Smith, Northwest Territories. Several groups have been visiting the bird\n", + " sanctuary at Useless Bay in the state of Washington since 2015. About 10–20% of the\n", + " population uses Gunnison Island in the Great Basin's Great Salt Lake as a nesting\n", + " ground. The southernmost colonies are in southeastern Ontario and western Nevada.\n", + " They winter on the Pacific and Gulf of Mexico coasts from central California and\n", + " Florida south to Costa Rica, and along the Mississippi River at least as far north\n", + " as St. Paul, Minnesota. In winter quarters, they are rarely found on the open\n", + " seashore, preferring estuaries, bays, and lakes. They cross deserts and mountains\n", + " but avoid the open ocean on migration. But stray birds, often blown off course by\n", + " hurricanes, have been seen in the Caribbean. In Colombian territory, it was recorded\n", + " first on February 22, 1997, on the San Andrés Island, where they might have been\n", + " swept by Hurricane Marco which passed nearby in November 1996. Since then, there\n", + " have also been a few observations likely to pertain to this species on the Colombian\n", + " mainland, e.g. at Calamar. Wild American white pelicans may live for more than 16 …\n", + "\n", + "Score 2.7594 [Ashy_storm-petrel] Ashy storm-petrel\n", + " The ashy storm petrel was first described by American ornithologist Elliott Coues in\n", + " 1864. Both its common and scientific name, homochroa, \"uniformly colored\", from\n", + " Ancient Greek (h)omoia (όμοια), \"alike\" + \"chroma\" (χρώμα) \"color\", come from its\n", + " coloration. It was formerly defined in the genus Oceanodroma before that genus was\n", + " synonymized with Hydrobates. This is a small, uniformly sooty-brown storm petrel\n", + " with a forked tail, closely resembling the black storm petrel, but it is smaller and\n", + " has a more fluttering style of flight, with the upstroke only becoming horizontal to\n", + " the body before beginning the downstroke (other storm petrels in its range have a\n", + " higher upstroke). It is a gregarious bird at sea, feeding nocturnally on\n", + " cephalopods, fish (particularly the deep-sea myctophids, which rise to the sea's\n", + " surface at night) and euphausiid krill such as Thysanoessa spinifera, which also\n", + " swarm at the surface. They also attend fishing vessels for the fish oils released\n", + " when the nets are pulled. Ashy storm petrels nest in rock burrows on offshore\n", + " islands, returning to the nests at night. The species has a long breeding cycle,\n", + " laying eggs in May and fledging in October, although timing varies greatly, more so\n", + " than in most other storm petrels; some pairs may have a chick that is half grown\n", + " when other pairs are still laying. Like in many other seabirds, pairs show both mate\n", + " and site fidelity, mating in the same pair with the same mate for many years and\n", + " nesting at the same burrow, despite the pairs spending their lives out of the\n", + " breeding season separate from each other, and despite the fact that many individuals\n", + " might seem to compete for burrows at the nesting colonies. A change in mate is\n", + " usually associated with a change in nesting site. The ashy storm petrel is a long-\n", + " lived bird; a banded individual has lived at least 31 years. Ashy storm petrels\n", + " breed on 17 islands in the northeast Pacific, principally off the coast of\n", + " California, but including a few sites off the coast of northwestern Mexico. Half the\n", + " world's population nests on the Farallon Islands near San Francisco. Other breeding\n", + " islands include the eight Channel Islands of California and a small population on\n", + " Mexico's Coronados. Bat Cave, on the north side of Santa Cruz Island in Southern\n", + " California, has the largest nesting colony for the ashy storm petrel in the world,\n", + " with over 100 nests. Outside of the breeding season, it is believed to be more\n", + " widely distributed, foraging on the California Current, but it undertakes no large\n", + " migration and does not range as far as other species of storm petrels. In the early\n", + " fall, large flocks can be seen in Monterey Bay. The birds do not range inland any\n", + " significant distance except when storm-blown; for example, a sighting in San Mateo\n", + " County, California was considered \"unusual\" by an experienced naturalist. The world\n", + " population is estimated to be around 10,000 birds, 8,000 of them breeders, with the\n", + " Farallon population having declined by one-third between 1972 and 1992. The ashy\n", + " storm petrel is designated as a species of conservation concern in California. It is\n", + " threatened by western gull and burrowing owl predation, illumination from fishing\n", + " boats, introduced predators such as rats and feral cats, and pollution. Most of the\n", + " islands where it breeds are covered by some degree of protection. Global warming\n", + " could have a profound impact on ashy storm petrels. Future changes to coastal\n", + " California waters due to global warming could result in warmer, less productive\n", + " waters, which would mean less food would be available for the petrels. In addition,\n", + " ocean acidification may result in a decline of crustacean prey species due to the\n", + " effects that excess CO2 will have on the animals' shells. Sea-level rise will also\n", + " threaten certain nesting sites that would be located too close to water.\n", + "\n", + "Score 2.3652 [Black-crowned_night-heron] Black-crowned night-heron\n", + " The black-crowned night heron (Nycticorax nycticorax) [or black-capped night\n", + " heron[citation needed]], commonly shortened to just night heron in Eurasia, is a\n", + " medium-sized heron found throughout a large part of the world, including parts of\n", + " Europe, Asia, and North and South America. In Australasia it is replaced by the\n", + " closely related Nankeen night heron (N. caledonicus), with which it has hybridised\n", + " in the area of contact. The black-crowned night heron was formally described by the\n", + " Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the tenth edition of his Systema\n", + " Naturae. He placed it with herons, cranes and egrets in the genus Ardea and coined\n", + " the binomial name Ardea nycticorax, based on specimens from southern Europe. It is\n", + " now placed in the genus Nycticorax that was described in 1817 by the English\n", + " naturalist Thomas Forster for this species. The epithet nycticorax is from Ancient\n", + " Greek and combines nux, nuktos meaning \"night\" and korax meaning \"raven\". The word\n", + " was used by authors such as Aristotle and Hesychius of Miletus for a \"bird of ill\n", + " omen\", perhaps an owl. The word was used by the Swiss naturalist Conrad Gessner in\n", + " 1555 and then by subsequent authors for a black-crowned night heron. Four\n", + " subspecies are accepted: In the Falkland Islands, the bird is called quark, which\n", + " is an onomatopoeia similar to its name in many other languages, like qua-bird in\n", + " English, kwak in Dutch and West Frisian, kvakoš noční in Czech, квак in Ukrainian,\n", + " кваква in Russian, vạc in Vietnamese, kowak-malam in Indonesian, hoactli (\"wactli\")\n", + " in Nahuatl (cf. the scientific name of the New World subspecies), and waqwa in\n", + " Quechua. Adults have a black crown and back with the remainder of the body white or\n", + " grey, red eyes, and short yellow legs. They have pale grey wings and white under\n", + " parts. One to eight (mostly two to four) long slender white plumes, erected in\n", + " greeting and courtship displays, extend from the back of the head. The sexes are\n", + " similar in appearance although the males are slightly larger. Black-crowned night\n", + " herons do not fit the typical body form of the heron family. They are relatively\n", + " stocky with shorter bills, legs, and necks than their more familiar cousins, the\n", + " egrets and \"day\" herons. Their resting posture is normally somewhat hunched but when\n", + " hunting they extend their necks and look more like other wading birds. For a short\n", + " period during courtship at the start of the nesting season, the legs of adults turn\n", + " bright salmon-pink, and the bare skin around the eyes blue. The subspecies differ\n", + " little; nominate N. n. nycticorax and N. n. hoactli are particularly similar in\n", + " plumage (some authors have considered N. n. hoactli a synonym of the nominate), but\n", + " the latter is on average slightly larger. N. n obscurus is the most distinctive\n", + " subspecies, clearly darker than N. n. hoactli from further north in South America,\n", + " but N. n. falklandicus is intermediate, with both paler and darker individuals\n", + " occurring. Immature birds have dull grey-brown plumage on their heads, wings, and\n", + " backs, with numerous pale \"teardrop\" spots. Their underparts are paler and streaked\n", + " with brown. Second and third year birds attain plumages increasingly similar to\n", + " adults, but lacking the white head plumes. The young birds have orange eyes and\n", + " duller yellowish-green legs. They are very noisy birds in their nesting colonies,\n", + " with calls that are commonly transcribed as quok or woc. Measurements: The\n", + " breeding habitat is fresh and salt-water wetlands throughout much of the world. The\n", + " nominate subspecies N. n. nycticorax breeds in Europe, Asia and Africa, subspecies\n", + " N. n. hoactli in North and South America from Canada as far south as northern\n", + " Argentina and Chile, N. n. obscurus in southernmost South America, and N. n.\n", + " falklandicus in the Falkland Islands. Black-crowned night herons nest in colonies on\n", + " platforms of sticks in a group of trees, or on the ground in protected locations\n", + " such as islands or reedbeds. Three to eight eggs are laid. This heron is migratory\n", + " in the northern parts of its range, but is otherwise resident (even in the cold\n", + " Patagonia). European birds winter in Africa (with a few staying in southern Spain),\n", + " central and east Asian birds winter in southern Asia, and North American birds\n", + " winters in Mexico, the southern United States, Central America, and the West Indies.\n", + " A colony of the herons has regularly summered at the National Zoo in Washington,\n", + " D.C. for more than a century. The birds also prominently live year-round in the\n", + " shores around the San Francisco Bay, with the largest rookery in Oakland. Their ever\n", + " presence at Oakland's Lake Merritt and throughout the city's downtown area, as well\n", + " as their resilience to the urban environment and displacement efforts, have led to\n", + " them being named Oakland's official city bird. There are two archaeological\n", + " specimens of the black-crowned night heron in Great Britain. The oldest is from …\n", + "\n", + "Score 2.2510 [Antillean_palm-swift] Antillean palm-swift\n", + " The Antillean palm swift has two subspecies: the nominate T. p. phoenicobia Gosse,\n", + " 1847, and T. p. iradii (Lembeye, 1850). The Antillean palm swift is 9 to 11 cm (3.5\n", + " to 4.3 in) long and weighs about 9 to 11 g (0.32 to 0.39 oz). It has long narrow\n", + " wings and a medium length forked tail. The sexes are alike. Adults of the nominate\n", + " subspecies have a dark sooty brown crown and nape. Their back, a narrow center strip\n", + " of the rump, uppertail coverts, and tail are sooty black to black. The sides of\n", + " their rump are white. Their wings are sooty blackish with pale edges on the flight\n", + " feathers. Most of their face is grayish brown. Their underparts are mostly dull\n", + " white; their flanks, a narrow band across the breast, and undertail coverts are dark\n", + " sooty brown. Immatures are similar to adults, but their underparts are an even\n", + " duller white, and the flanks and undertail coverts a paler sooty brown. The\n", + " subspecies T. p. iradii is somewhat larger than the nominate, and has a more deeply\n", + " forked tail. Its back is more sooty than black, its face has more extensive grayish\n", + " brown, and its flanks are a paler sooty brown. The nominate subspecies of Antillean\n", + " palm swift is found on Jamaica, Hispaniola, and some small islands off the latter's\n", + " coast. T. p. iradii is found on mainland Cuba and Isla de la Juventud. The species\n", + " has been documented as a vagrant in Florida and there are sight records from Puerto\n", + " Rico, the Cayman Islands, Inagua in The Bahamas, and the Turks and Caicos Islands.\n", + " The Antillean palm swift is seen over dry grassy areas that have patches of palms,\n", + " scrublands, forest, and suburban and urban areas. In elevation, it ranges as high as\n", + " 1,700 m (5,600 ft) on Hispaniola and 1,200 m (3,900 ft) on Jamaica. The Antillean\n", + " palm swift is a year-round resident throughout its range, though individuals have\n", + " wandered outside it. Like all swifts, the Antillean palm swift is an aerial\n", + " insectivore. It forages low to the ground, usually over vegetation, and usually in\n", + " small flocks of its species. It sometimes forages with swallows. Details of its diet\n", + " are lacking. The Antillean palm swift's breeding season on Cuba is May to July, and\n", + " on Hispaniola, from March to May. It makes a hanging pouch nest of plant fibers and\n", + " feathers glued together with saliva and hung on the outside of a dead drooping palm\n", + " frond. It nests in small colonies. The clutch size is two to five; both parents\n", + " incubate the eggs and care for nestlings. The Antillean palm swift's flight call is\n", + " described as \"noisy...an almost constant, weak, twittering, tooee-tooee\". The IUCN\n", + " has assessed the Antillean palm swift as being of Least Concern. It has a large\n", + " range, and though its population size is not known it is believed to be stable. No\n", + " immediate threats have been identified. \"This swift is adaptable to living around\n", + " human habitations, and the planting of decorative palms provides nest sites for\n", + " these birds.\"\n", + "\n", + "Gained by relaxing to slop~3 (not in strict results):\n", + " [Antillean_palm-swift] Antillean palm-swift\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "# ── Strict phrase vs. proximity phrase ──────────────────────────────────────\n", + "response_strict = idx.documents.search(\n", + " namespace=NAMESPACE,\n", + " top_k=5,\n", + " score_by=[{\"type\": \"query_string\", \"query\": 'body:(\"nest colony\")'}],\n", + " include_fields=[\"bird_name\", \"body\"],\n", + ")\n", + "\n", + "response_slop = idx.documents.search(\n", + " namespace=NAMESPACE,\n", + " top_k=5,\n", + " score_by=[{\"type\": \"query_string\", \"query\": 'body:(\"nest colony\"~3)'}],\n", + " include_fields=[\"bird_name\", \"body\"],\n", + ")\n", + "\n", + "print('Strict phrase body:(\"nest colony\")\\n')\n", + "show_results(response_strict, \"body\", 60)\n", + "\n", + "print('Proximity slop body:(\"nest colony\"~3)\\n')\n", + "show_results(response_slop, \"body\", 60)\n", + "\n", + "strict_ids = {d._id for d in response_strict.matches}\n", + "slop_ids = {d._id for d in response_slop.matches}\n", + "gained = slop_ids - strict_ids\n", + "if gained:\n", + " print(\"Gained by relaxing to slop~3 (not in strict results):\")\n", + " for doc in response_slop.matches:\n", + " if doc._id in gained:\n", + " print(f\" [{doc._id}] {doc.get('bird_name')}\")\n", + "else:\n", + " print(\"Same top-5 for both queries.\")" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "id": "step10-header", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## 11. Boosting: influencing ranking by term importance\n", + "\n", + "`^N` multiplies a term’s BM25 score contribution by *N* **without** making it\n", + "required. Documents that lack the boosted term can still appear if they score\n", + "well on the other terms — boosting shapes the ranking, it doesn’t filter.\n", + "\n", + "```\n", + "body:(foraging^3 feeding diet)\n", + "```\n", + "\n", + "- `foraging^3` — three times the weight of an unboosted term\n", + "- `feeding`, `diet` — unboosted; contribute normally\n", + "\n", + "Phrases can be boosted too: `body:(\"aerial foraging\"^2 insects)` boosts the\n", + "exact adjacent phrase rather than a single token." + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 40, + "id": "step10-code", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Boosted body:(foraging^3 feeding diet)\n", + "\n", + "Score 5.8757 [American_white_ibis] American white ibis\n", + " Their diet consists primarily of small aquatic prey, such as insects and small\n", + " fishes. Crayfish are its preferred food in most regions, but it can adjust its diet\n", + " according to the habitat and prey abundance. Its main foraging behavior is probing\n", + " with its beak at the bottom of shallow water to feel for and capture its prey. It …\n", + "\n", + "Score 5.3150 [Black-and-white_warbler] Black-and-white warbler\n", + " The black-and-white warbler (Mniotilta varia) is a species of New World warbler, and\n", + " the only member of its genus, Mniotilta. It breeds in northern and eastern North\n", + " America and winters in Florida, Central America, and the West Indies down to Peru.\n", + " This species is a very rare vagrant to western Europe. Relative to other New …\n", + "\n", + "Score 5.1158 [Arctic_loon] Arctic loon\n", + " The black-throated loon (Gavia arctica), also known as the Arctic loon and the\n", + " black-throated diver, is a migratory aquatic bird found in the northern hemisphere,\n", + " primarily breeding in freshwater lakes in northern Europe and Asia. It winters along\n", + " sheltered, ice-free coasts of the north-east Atlantic Ocean and the eastern and …\n", + "\n", + "Score 4.9510 [Azure-crowned_hummingbird] Azure-crowned hummingbird\n", + " The azure-crowned hummingbird (Saucerottia cyanocephala) is a species of hummingbird\n", + " in the \"emeralds\", tribe Trochilini of subfamily Trochilinae. It is found in Belize,\n", + " El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, and Nicaragua. The azure-crowned\n", + " hummingbird was originally described as Ornismya cyanocephalus and later moved …\n", + "\n", + "Score 4.8732 [Black-banded_woodcreeper] Black-banded woodcreeper\n", + " The black-banded woodcreeper's taxonomy is unsettled. The International\n", + " Ornithological Committee (IOC) and the Clements taxonomy recognize these 10\n", + " subspecies. Clements arranges them in three groups. \"Spot-throated\" group \"Black-\n", + " banded\" group \"Pale-billed\" group BirdLife International's Handbook of the Birds …\n", + "\n", + "Flat (no boost) body:(foraging feeding diet)\n", + "\n", + "Score 3.3993 [American_white_ibis] American white ibis\n", + " Their diet consists primarily of small aquatic prey, such as insects and small\n", + " fishes. Crayfish are its preferred food in most regions, but it can adjust its diet\n", + " according to the habitat and prey abundance. Its main foraging behavior is probing\n", + " with its beak at the bottom of shallow water to feel for and capture its prey. It …\n", + "\n", + "Score 3.0651 [Arctic_loon] Arctic loon\n", + " The black-throated loon (Gavia arctica), also known as the Arctic loon and the\n", + " black-throated diver, is a migratory aquatic bird found in the northern hemisphere,\n", + " primarily breeding in freshwater lakes in northern Europe and Asia. It winters along\n", + " sheltered, ice-free coasts of the north-east Atlantic Ocean and the eastern and …\n", + "\n", + "Score 2.9660 [Black-and-white_warbler] Black-and-white warbler\n", + " The black-and-white warbler (Mniotilta varia) is a species of New World warbler, and\n", + " the only member of its genus, Mniotilta. It breeds in northern and eastern North\n", + " America and winters in Florida, Central America, and the West Indies down to Peru.\n", + " This species is a very rare vagrant to western Europe. Relative to other New …\n", + "\n", + "Score 2.9043 [Bahama_mockingbird] Bahama mockingbird\n", + " The Bahama mockingbird has two subspecies, the nominate Mimus gundlachii gundlachii\n", + " and M. g. hillii. Its specific epithet honors Juan Gundlach. The Bahama mockingbird\n", + " is 28 cm (11 in) long and weighs between 57 and 85 g (2.0 and 3.0 oz) with an\n", + " average of 66.8 g (2.36 oz). Adults of the nominate subspecies have a mottled face …\n", + "\n", + "Score 2.8421 [Azure-crowned_hummingbird] Azure-crowned hummingbird\n", + " The azure-crowned hummingbird (Saucerottia cyanocephala) is a species of hummingbird\n", + " in the \"emeralds\", tribe Trochilini of subfamily Trochilinae. It is found in Belize,\n", + " El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, and Nicaragua. The azure-crowned\n", + " hummingbird was originally described as Ornismya cyanocephalus and later moved …\n", + "\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "# ── Boosting: foraging^3 outweighs feeding / diet ───────────────────────────\n", + "response_boosted = idx.documents.search(\n", + " namespace=NAMESPACE,\n", + " top_k=5,\n", + " score_by=[{\"type\": \"query_string\", \"query\": \"body:(foraging^3 feeding diet)\"}],\n", + " include_fields=[\"bird_name\", \"body\"],\n", + ")\n", + "\n", + "response_flat = idx.documents.search(\n", + " namespace=NAMESPACE,\n", + " top_k=5,\n", + " score_by=[{\"type\": \"query_string\", \"query\": \"body:(foraging feeding diet)\"}],\n", + " include_fields=[\"bird_name\", \"body\"],\n", + ")\n", + "\n", + "print(\"Boosted body:(foraging^3 feeding diet)\\n\")\n", + "show_results(response_boosted, \"body\", 4)\n", + "\n", + "print(\"Flat (no boost) body:(foraging feeding diet)\\n\")\n", + "show_results(response_flat, \"body\", 4)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "id": "step11-header", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## 12. Cross-field `query_string`: multiple fields in one clause\n", + "\n", + "A single `query_string` clause can reference **multiple fields** by combining\n", + "field-scoped sub-clauses with boolean operators.\n", + "\n", + "```\n", + "bird_name:(hawk) AND body:(hunting prey)\n", + "```\n", + "\n", + "The top-level `AND` requires **both** sub-clauses to match: a bird must have\n", + "“hawk” in its name **and** “hunting” or “prey” in its body.\n", + "\n", + "Contrast with the multi-clause `score_by` approach from step 4: that blends\n", + "scores across separate clauses (any clause can match). This enforces a\n", + "**cross-field boolean constraint** in a single expression." + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 41, + "id": "step11-code", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "query_string bird_name:(hawk) AND body:(hunting prey)\n", + "\n", + "Score 7.6021 [Bicolored_hawk] Bicolored hawk\n", + " The bicolored hawk was formally described in 1817 by the French ornithologist Louis\n", + " Vieillot under the binomial name Sparvius bicolor. He specified Cayenne in French\n", + " Guiana as the type locality. The bicolored hawk was formerly placed in the large and\n", + " diverse genus Accipiter. In 2024 a comprehensive molecular phylogenetic study of the\n", + " Accipitridae confirmed earlier work that had shown that the genus was polyphyletic.\n", + " To resolve the non-monophyly, Accipiter was divided into six genera. The genus Astur\n", + " was resurrected to accommodate 9 species, including the bicolored hawk, that had\n", + " previously been placed in Accipiter. The resurrected genus had been introduced in\n", + " 1799 by the French naturalist Bernard Germain de Lacépède. The genus name is from\n", + " Latin astur, asturis meaning \"hawk\". The bicolored hawk is also closely related …\n", + "\n", + "Score 7.0616 [Black-and-white_hawk-eagle] Black-and-white hawk-eagle\n", + " The black-and-white hawk-eagle (Spizaetus melanoleucus, formerly Spizastur\n", + " melanoleucus) is a bird of prey species in the eagle and hawk family (Accipitridae).\n", + " It is found throughout a large part of tropical America, from southern Mexico to\n", + " northern Argentina. As its name suggests, this is a black and white eagle,\n", + " resembling the small typical eagles sometimes separated in \"Hieraaetus\". It is some\n", + " 20–24 in (51–61 cm) long overall and weighs about 30 oz (850 g). The head, neck and\n", + " body are white; a small crest forms a black spot on top of the head, and the area\n", + " around the eyes, particularly towards the bill, is also black. The wings are black\n", + " with a noticeable white leading edge, and the bird has a brownish tail barred black-\n", + " dark grey and with white tip. The iris is orange in adults and greyish in …\n", + "\n", + "Score 5.0625 [Black-collared_hawk] Black-collared hawk\n", + " The adult black-collared hawk has a more or less white head, tinged with buff, and\n", + " with black shaft streaks on the crown. The body, above and below, and the mantle are\n", + " bright cinnamon-rufous, paler on the chest. There is a black crescent on the upper\n", + " breast. The back has scattered black shaft stripes; the flight and tail feathers are\n", + " black with the base of the tail barred with rufous. The eyes are bright reddish\n", + " brown, the cere and bill black, and the legs bluish white. Immatures are similar,\n", + " but blotched with black, including on the crown, and the rufous barring on the tail\n", + " is more extensive. The pale area on the chest is also more clearly marked. The upper\n", + " surface of the wings is barred, and the eyes are brown. The nest is usually placed\n", + " in a large tree, frequently near water, but sometimes in shade trees in coffee …\n", + "\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "# ── Cross-field AND: hawk in name + hunting/prey in body ────────────────────\n", + "response_cross = idx.documents.search(\n", + " namespace=NAMESPACE,\n", + " top_k=5,\n", + " score_by=[{\n", + " \"type\": \"query_string\",\n", + " \"query\": 'bird_name:(hawk) AND body:(hunting prey)',\n", + " }],\n", + " include_fields=[\"bird_name\", \"body\"],\n", + ")\n", + "\n", + "print('query_string bird_name:(hawk) AND body:(hunting prey)\\n')\n", + "show_results(response_cross, \"body\")" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "id": "step12-header", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## 13. Combining everything: a production-grade query\n", + "\n", + "Each of the preceding steps introduced one concept. This query composes them\n", + "all into a single expression:\n", + "\n", + "```\n", + "bird_name:(hawk^2 OR eagle) AND\n", + "body:((\"dense vegetation\" OR \"forest canopy\") AND hunt -fish)\n", + "```\n", + "\n", + "Clause by clause:\n", + "\n", + "| Clause | Concept |\n", + "|---|---|\n", + "| `bird_name:(hawk^2 OR eagle)` | boost (step 10) + token OR on `bird_name` (step 8) |\n", + "| `AND` | cross-field boolean (step 11) |\n", + "| `\"dense vegetation\" OR \"forest canopy\"` | exact phrases targeting forest-interior hunters (step 8) |\n", + "| `AND hunt` | require term — AND operator (step 6) |\n", + "| `-fish` | exclude term — NOT operator (step 7) |\n", + "\n", + "The intent is **forest-interior hawks and eagles that actively hunt, excluding\n", + "piscivorous species**. Two exclusions work at different levels:\n", + "\n", + "- **Name-level:** using `eagle` instead of `falcon` keeps open-country falcons\n", + " like the Aplomado out of the candidate set entirely.\n", + "- **Body-level:** `-fish` hard-filters the Black-collared hawk, whose diet\n", + " is described as \"mainly composed of fish\".\n", + "\n", + "Expected top results: the Bicolored hawk (\"flying through dense vegetation to\n", + "ambush unsuspecting prey\") and the Black-and-white hawk-eagle (\"nests in the\n", + "forest canopy\").\n", + "\n", + "> **Stemming:** `body` has stemming on, so `hunt` also matches *hunting* and\n", + "> *hunted* — no extra syntax needed.\n", + ">\n", + "> **Operator precedence:** AND binds tighter than OR. Use explicit\n", + "> parentheses when mixing to avoid surprises." + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 42, + "id": "step12-code", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "query_string bird_name:(hawk^2 OR eagle) AND body:((\"dense vegetation\" OR \"forest canopy\") AND hunt -fish)\n", + "\n", + "Score 14.2552 [Black-and-white_hawk-eagle] Black-and-white hawk-eagle\n", + " The black-and-white hawk-eagle (Spizaetus melanoleucus, formerly Spizastur\n", + " melanoleucus) is a bird of prey species in the eagle and hawk family (Accipitridae).\n", + " It is found throughout a large part of tropical America, from southern Mexico to\n", + " northern Argentina. As its name suggests, this is a black and white eagle,\n", + " resembling the small typical eagles sometimes separated in \"Hieraaetus\". It is some\n", + " 20–24 in (51–61 cm) long overall and weighs about 30 oz (850 g). The head, neck and\n", + " body are white; a small crest forms a black spot on top of the head, and the area\n", + " around the eyes, particularly towards the bill, is also black. The wings are black\n", + " with a noticeable white leading edge, and the bird has a brownish tail barred black-\n", + " dark grey and with white tip. The iris is orange in adults and greyish in …\n", + "\n", + "Score 12.9971 [Bicolored_hawk] Bicolored hawk\n", + " The bicolored hawk was formally described in 1817 by the French ornithologist Louis\n", + " Vieillot under the binomial name Sparvius bicolor. He specified Cayenne in French\n", + " Guiana as the type locality. The bicolored hawk was formerly placed in the large and\n", + " diverse genus Accipiter. In 2024 a comprehensive molecular phylogenetic study of the\n", + " Accipitridae confirmed earlier work that had shown that the genus was polyphyletic.\n", + " To resolve the non-monophyly, Accipiter was divided into six genera. The genus Astur\n", + " was resurrected to accommodate 9 species, including the bicolored hawk, that had\n", + " previously been placed in Accipiter. The resurrected genus had been introduced in\n", + " 1799 by the French naturalist Bernard Germain de Lacépède. The genus name is from\n", + " Latin astur, asturis meaning \"hawk\". The bicolored hawk is also closely related …\n", + "\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "# ── Composed query: forest hawks/eagles that hunt, no fish-eating specialists ─\n", + "COMPOSED = (\n", + " 'bird_name:(hawk^2 OR eagle) AND '\n", + " 'body:((\"dense vegetation\" OR \"forest canopy\") AND hunt -fish)'\n", + ")\n", + "\n", + "response_composed = idx.documents.search(\n", + " namespace=NAMESPACE,\n", + " top_k=5,\n", + " score_by=[{\"type\": \"query_string\", \"query\": COMPOSED}],\n", + " include_fields=[\"bird_name\", \"body\"],\n", + ")\n", + "\n", + "print(f'query_string {COMPOSED}\\n')\n", + "show_results(response_composed, \"body\")" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "id": "b2afeba3", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## 14. Regex: token-level pattern matching\n", + "\n", + "Lucene `/pattern/` regex syntax works inside `query_string` clauses. Wrap the\n", + "pattern in forward slashes inside the field clause:\n", + "\n", + "```\n", + "bird_name:/.*bird/\n", + "```\n", + "\n", + "**Key constraint:** the pattern matches the **entire indexed token**, not the\n", + "full field string. `bird_name:/.*bird/` asks — for each token in `bird_name`,\n", + "does it match `.*bird` end-to-end?\n", + "\n", + "This unlocks suffix matching that no other query type supports. A simple\n", + "token search for `bird_name:(bird)` only finds documents where \"bird\" is a\n", + "standalone token — no bird in this corpus has that. Regex finds every compound\n", + "word that ends in \"bird\": `hummingbird`, `mockingbird`, `puffbird`, etc.\n", + "\n", + "> **Stemming note:** `bird_name` has stemming **off**, so regex operates on\n", + "> the raw lowercased tokens — no morphological expansion." + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 43, + "id": "9ea6c059", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "token bird_name:(bird)\n", + "\n", + "(no matches)\n", + "regex bird_name:/.*bird/\n", + "\n", + "Score 1.0000 [Amazilia_hummingbird] Amazilia hummingbird\n", + " Amazilia hummingbird\n", + "\n", + "Score 1.0000 [Amethyst-throated_hummingbird] Amethyst-throated hummingbird\n", + " Amethyst-throated hummingbird\n", + "\n", + "Score 1.0000 [Anna%27s_hummingbird] Anna%27s hummingbird\n", + " Anna%27s hummingbird\n", + "\n", + "Score 1.0000 [Antillean_crested_hummingbird] Antillean crested hummingbird\n", + " Antillean crested hummingbird\n", + "\n", + "Score 1.0000 [Allen%27s_hummingbird] Allen%27s hummingbird\n", + " Allen%27s hummingbird\n", + "\n", + "Found by regex but not by token search (compound tokens ending in 'bird'):\n", + " [Amazilia_hummingbird] Amazilia hummingbird\n", + " [Amethyst-throated_hummingbird] Amethyst-throated hummingbird\n", + " [Anna%27s_hummingbird] Anna%27s hummingbird\n", + " [Antillean_crested_hummingbird] Antillean crested hummingbird\n", + " [Allen%27s_hummingbird] Allen%27s hummingbird\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "# ── Token search: \"bird\" as a standalone token ───────────────────────────────\n", + "# No bird in this corpus has \"bird\" as a separate token in its name —\n", + "# hummingbird, mockingbird, puffbird, etc. are all single compound tokens.\n", + "response_token = idx.documents.search(\n", + " namespace=NAMESPACE,\n", + " top_k=5,\n", + " score_by=[{\"type\": \"query_string\", \"query\": \"bird_name:(bird)\"}],\n", + " include_fields=[\"bird_name\"],\n", + ")\n", + "\n", + "print('token bird_name:(bird)\\n')\n", + "show_results(response_token, \"bird_name\")\n", + "\n", + "# ── Regex suffix: every token ending in \"bird\" ────────────────────────────────\n", + "# The pattern /.*bird/ matches the full token end-to-end, so it catches any\n", + "# compound word whose final characters are \"bird\".\n", + "response_regex = idx.documents.search(\n", + " namespace=NAMESPACE,\n", + " top_k=5,\n", + " score_by=[{\"type\": \"query_string\", \"query\": \"bird_name:/.*bird/\"}],\n", + " include_fields=[\"bird_name\"],\n", + ")\n", + "\n", + "print('regex bird_name:/.*bird/\\n')\n", + "show_results(response_regex, \"bird_name\")\n", + "\n", + "token_ids = {d._id for d in response_token.matches}\n", + "regex_ids = {d._id for d in response_regex.matches}\n", + "gained = regex_ids - token_ids\n", + "if gained:\n", + " print(\"Found by regex but not by token search (compound tokens ending in 'bird'):\")\n", + " for doc in response_regex.matches:\n", + " if doc._id in gained:\n", + " print(f\" [{doc._id}] {doc.get('bird_name')}\")" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "id": "83d50f92", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## 15. Phrase prefix: autocomplete\n", + "\n", + "Appending `*` after a quoted phrase treats the **last token as a prefix**.\n", + "All preceding tokens must match exactly and adjacently; only the final token\n", + "is expanded.\n", + "\n", + "`body:(\"tropcial fo\"*)` matches:\n", + "- \"tropical forest\"\n", + "- \"tropics. Foraging\" (when stemming is on)\n", + "\n", + "But not:\n", + "- \"tropical rain forest\"\n", + "\n", + "> **Constraint:** single-term prefix wildcards (`tropic*`) are not supported —\n", + "> the phrase must contain at least two tokens before the `*`.\n", + ">\n", + "> **Practical use:** power an autocomplete UI widget by passing the partial\n", + "> query string directly into this pattern as the user types." + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 56, + "id": "step13-code", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "query_string body:(\"tropical fo\"*)\n", + "\n", + "Score 1.0000 [Black-and-white_owl] Black-and-white owl\n", + " The black-and-white owl (Strix nigrolineata) is a species of owl in the family\n", + " Strigidae. The black-and-white owl is a medium-sized owl with a round head and no\n", + " ear tufts. It is between 35 and 40 cm in length and weigh between 400 and 535 grams.\n", + " As for most owl species, females are usually bigger than males with an average\n", + " weight of 487 g and 418 g respectively. It has a striped black-and-white breast,\n", + " belly, and vent. With the exception of a black-and white striped collar, the\n", + " upperparts from the crown to the tail are a sooty black. The facial disc is mostly\n", + " sooty black, with white \"eyebrows\" that extend from the bill to the collar. The beak\n", + " is a yellow-orange colour, and the eyes are a reddish brown. Chicks are downy and\n", + " white. Juveniles have a whitish face, dark brown upper-parts and a white-barred\n", + " black underside. Formerly under the genus Ciccaba which includes many neotropical\n", + " species, the black-and-white owl is now classified under the genus Strix known as\n", + " the \"wood owls\", which all share the same round head and pitch black eyes. This\n", + " raptor was first reported in 1859 by Sclater. Its sister species, the black-banded\n", + " owl (Strix hulula), while being similar, is smaller and has a darker plumage. Plus,\n", + " it occupies a different range which includes the southern tropical forests of South\n", + " America. The black-and-white owl is mostly found in gallery forests and rainforest,\n", + " but is also found in wet deciduous and mangrove forests, usually at an altitude\n", + " between sea level and 2400 meters. Small ponds are also often visited by this\n", + " species when hunting. It usually nests in the foliage of large, tall trees such as\n", + " mahogany. This owl is not afraid of living near human habitations. Its range\n", + " extends from central Mexico south to the northwestern section of Peru and western\n", + " Colombia, a range it partially shares with another related species: the mottled owl\n", + " (Strix virgata). In total, it is found in 12 countries: Belize, Colombia, Costa\n", + " Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru,\n", + " and Venezuela. This bird of prey also stays faithful to its range all year long as\n", + " it is a non-migratory bird. This neotropical bird is a nocturnal hunter and since\n", + " most of its prey can fly, it forages mostly at the canopy level of its habitat. It\n", + " will first examine its surroundings by perching on an elevated branch. Then it will\n", + " make short, silent flights to catch its food. Primarily insectivorous, the black-\n", + " and-white owl prefers scarab beetles (Scarabaedidae) such as dung beetles and\n", + " sometimes prey upon orthopterans and cicadas (Cicadidae). Bats such as the Jamaican\n", + " fruit bat (Artibeus jamaicensis) and other small rodents also make up a large part\n", + " of its diet. Furthermore, it can occasionally feed on smaller birds like trushes and\n", + " tanagers as well as amphibians. It is also one of the only tropical owl species\n", + " reported to capture barn swallows since those are easy to catch when roosting on\n", + " nearby electric lines. Its call consists of a series of rapid, guttural, low calls,\n", + " followed by a short pause and a low, airy call and a faint, short hoot.\n", + " Occasionally, it is shortened to just the last two notes, leaving out the opening\n", + " series. Moreover, the female's call usually sounds louder than the male's and\n", + " individuals make fainter \"hoots\" near their nest. Just like their parents,\n", + " younglings can produce strident cries, but also communicate by clacking their beak.\n", + " When the breeding season begins in March, the monogamous pair forms after the male\n", + " successfully seduces the female with wing flaps and elaborated acrobatic flights.\n", + " Then, before the severe downpours begin, the couple settles on an isolated tree to\n", + " protect their offspring from climbing predators and use epiphytes and flower\n", + " arrangements (e.g., orchids) as their nest. While the female incubates the clutch of\n", + " one or two eggs, the male goes foraging for the pair and fiercely defends the nest,\n", + " even from nearby humans. Sometimes, the female will tag along with her mate when she\n", + " is not coveting. The eggs are dull, whitish and weight about 33.8 g (usually 6% of\n", + " the female's body mass) with an average length and width of 46.4 and 38.4 mm (1.83\n", + " and 1.51 in) respectively. The black-and-white owl is one of the only owls to lay a\n", + " single egg which relates to the fact that clutch size lowers as a species lives\n", + " closer to the Equator, thus explaining its low reproductive success. After an\n", + " incubation period of at least 30 days, the chicks hatch in April. They harbour white\n", + " down feathers, pink feet and beak and weight around 28 g after 2 days. They first\n", + " open their eyes at 14 days old as the black bars on their wings start to develop.\n", + " Chicks also have a low chance of survival as they can be preyed upon by tayras,\n", + " ocelots, coatis, falcons and hawks. The black-and-white owl is classified as \"Least\n", + " Concern\" on IUCN's Red List even if its populations are decreasing. Mexico's\n", + " population in particular observed a decline of 50% in the last century which has\n", + " made the species a big concern for the Partners in Flight association. This bird of\n", + " prey's main threat is the loss of its wetland and forest habitats which are\n", + " progressively converted into agricultural lands. Human proximity also causes their\n", + " populations to decrease.\n", + "\n", + "Score 1.0000 [Bald_eagle] Bald eagle\n", + " Falco ossifragus Shaw, 1809 (nec Linnaeus) The bald eagle (Haliaeetus\n", + " leucocephalus) is a bird of prey found in North America. A sea eagle, it has two\n", + " known subspecies and forms a species pair with the white-tailed eagle (Haliaeetus\n", + " albicilla), which occupies the same niche as the bald eagle in the Palearctic. Its\n", + " range includes most of Canada and Alaska, all of the contiguous United States, and\n", + " northern Mexico. It is found near large bodies of open water with an abundant food\n", + " supply and old-growth trees for nesting. The bald eagle is an opportunistic feeder\n", + " which subsists mainly on fish, which it swoops down upon and snatches from the water\n", + " with its talons. It builds the largest nest of any North American bird and the\n", + " largest tree nests ever recorded for any animal species, up to 4 m (13 ft) deep, 2.5\n", + " m (8.2 ft) wide, and 1 metric ton (1.1 short tons) in weight. Sexual maturity is\n", + " attained at the age of four to five years. Bald eagles are not bald; the name\n", + " derives from an older meaning of the word, \"white-headed\". The adult is mainly brown\n", + " with a white head and tail. The sexes are identical in plumage, but females are\n", + " about 25 percent larger than males. The yellow beak is large and hooked. The plumage\n", + " of the immature is brown. The bald eagle is the national symbol of the United\n", + " States and appears on its seal. In the late 20th century it was on the brink of\n", + " extirpation in the contiguous United States, but measures such as banning the\n", + " practice of hunting bald eagles and banning the use of the harmful pesticide DDT\n", + " slowed the decline of their population. Populations have since recovered, and the\n", + " species' status was upgraded from \"endangered\" to \"threatened\" in 1995 and removed\n", + " from the list altogether in 2007. In 2024, the bald eagle was officially made the\n", + " national bird of the United States. The bald eagle is placed in the genus\n", + " Haliaeetus (sea eagles), and gets both its common and specific scientific names from\n", + " the distinctive appearance of the adult's head. Bald in the English name is from an\n", + " older usage meaning \"having white on the face or head\" rather than \"hairless\",\n", + " referring to the white head feathers contrasting with the darker body. The genus\n", + " name is Neo-Latin: Haliaeetus (from the Ancient Greek: ἁλιάετος, romanized:\n", + " haliaetos, lit. 'sea eagle'), and the specific name, leucocephalus, is Latinized\n", + " (Ancient Greek: λευκός, romanized: leukos, lit. 'white') and (κεφαλή, kephalḗ,\n", + " 'head'). The bald eagle was one of the many species originally described by Carl\n", + " Linnaeus in his 18th-century work Systema Naturae, under the name Falco\n", + " leucocephalus. The bald eagle forms a species pair with the white-tailed eagle of\n", + " Eurasia. This species pair consists of a white-headed and a tan-headed species of\n", + " roughly equal size; the white-tailed eagle also has overall somewhat paler brown\n", + " body plumage. The two species fill the same ecological niche in their respective\n", + " ranges. The pair diverged from other sea eagles at the beginning of the Early\n", + " Miocene (c. 10 Ma BP) at the latest, but possibly as early as the Early/Middle\n", + " Oligocene, 28 Ma BP, if the most ancient fossil record is correctly assigned to this\n", + " genus. There are two recognized subspecies of bald eagle: The plumage of an adult\n", + " bald eagle is evenly dark brown with a white head and tail. The tail is moderately\n", + " long and slightly wedge-shaped. Males and females are identical in plumage\n", + " coloration, but sexual dimorphism is evident in the species, in that females are 25%\n", + " larger than males. The beak, feet and irises are bright yellow. The legs are\n", + " feather-free, and the toes are short and powerful with large talons. The highly\n", + " developed talon of the hind toe is used to pierce the vital areas of prey while it\n", + " is held immobile by the front toes. The beak is large and hooked, with a yellow\n", + " cere. The adult bald eagle is unmistakable in its native range. The closely related\n", + " African fish eagle (Haliaeetus vocifer) (from far outside the bald eagle's range)\n", + " also has a brown body (albeit of somewhat more rufous hue), white head and tail, but\n", + " differs from the bald eagle in having a white chest and black tip to the bill. The\n", + " plumage of the immature is a dark brown overlaid with messy white streaking until\n", + " the fifth (rarely fourth, very rarely third) year, when it reaches sexual maturity.\n", + " Immature bald eagles are distinguishable from the golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos),\n", + " the only other very large, non-vulturine raptorial bird in North America, in that\n", + " the former has a larger, more protruding head with a larger beak, straighter edged\n", + " wings which are held flat (not slightly raised) and with a stiffer wing beat and\n", + " feathers which do not completely cover the legs. When seen well, the golden eagle is\n", + " distinctive in plumage with a more solid warm brown color than an immature bald\n", + " eagle, with a reddish-golden patch to its nape and (in immature birds) a highly\n", + " contrasting set of white squares on the wing. The bald eagle has sometimes been\n", + " considered the largest true raptor (accipitrid) in North America. The only larger\n", + " species of raptor-like bird is the California condor (Gymnogyps californianus), a\n", + " New World vulture which today is not generally considered a taxonomic ally of true\n", + " accipitrids. However, the golden eagle, averaging 4.18 kg (9.2 lb) and 63 cm (25 in)\n", + " in wing chord length in its American race (Aquila chrysaetos canadensis), is merely\n", + " 455 g (1.003 lb) lighter in mean body mass and exceeds the bald eagle in mean wing\n", + " chord length by around 3 cm (1.2 in). Additionally, the bald eagle's close cousins,\n", + " the relatively longer-winged but shorter-tailed white-tailed eagle and the overall\n", + " larger Steller's sea eagle (Haliaeetus pelagicus), may, rarely, wander to coastal\n", + " Alaska from Asia. The bald eagle has a body length of 70–102 cm (28–40 in). Typical\n", + " wingspan is between 1.8 and 2.3 m (5 ft 11 in and 7 ft 7 in) and mass is normally\n", + " between 3 and 6.3 kg (6.6 and 13.9 lb). Females are about 25% larger than males,\n", + " averaging as much as 5.6 kg (12 lb), and against the males' average weight of 4.1 kg\n", + " (9.0 lb). The size of the bird varies by location and generally corresponds with\n", + " Bergmann's rule: the species increases in size further away from the equator and the\n", + " tropics. For example, eagles from South Carolina average 3.27 kg (7.2 lb) in mass\n", + " and 1.88 m (6 ft 2 in) in wingspan, smaller than their northern counterparts. One\n", + " field guide in Florida listed similarly small sizes for bald eagles there, at about\n", + " 4.13 kg (9.1 lb). Of intermediate size, 117 migrant bald eagles in Glacier National\n", + " Park were found to average 4.22 kg (9.3 lb) but this was mostly (possibly post-\n", + " dispersal) juvenile eagles, with 6 adults here averaging 4.3 kg (9.5 lb). Wintering\n", + " eagles in Arizona (winter weights are usually the highest of the year since, like\n", + " many raptors, they spend the highest percentage of time foraging during winter) were\n", + " found to average 4.74 kg (10.4 lb). The largest eagles are from Alaska, where large\n", + " females may weigh more than 7 kg (15 lb) and span 2.44 m (8 ft 0 in) across the\n", + " wings. A survey of adult weights in Alaska showed that females there weighed on\n", + " average 5.35 kg (11.8 lb), respectively, and males weighed 4.23 kg (9.3 lb) against\n", + " immatures which averaged 5.09 kg (11.2 lb) and 4.05 kg (8.9 lb) in the two sexes. An\n", + " Alaskan adult female eagle that was considered outsized weighed some 7.4 kg (16 lb).\n", + " R.S. Palmer listed a record from 1876 in Wyoming County, New York of an enormous\n", + " adult bald eagle that was shot and reportedly scaled 8.2 kg (18 lb). Among standard\n", + " linear measurements, the wing chord is 51.5–69 cm (20.3–27.2 in), the tail is 23–37\n", + " cm (9.1–14.6 in) long, and the tarsus is 8 to 11 cm (3.1 to 4.3 in). The culmen\n", + " reportedly ranges from 3 to 7.5 cm (1.2 to 3.0 in), while the measurement from the\n", + " gape to the tip of the bill is 7–9 cm (2.8–3.5 in). The bill size is unusually\n", + " variable: Alaskan eagles can have up to twice the bill length of birds from the\n", + " southern United States (Georgia, Louisiana, Florida), with means including both\n", + " sexes of 6.83 cm (2.69 in) and 4.12 cm (1.62 in) in culmen length, respectively,\n", + " from these two areas. The call consists of weak staccato, chirping whistles, kleek\n", + " kik ik ik ik, somewhat similar in cadence to a gull's call. The calls of young birds\n", + " tend to be more harsh and shrill than those of adults. The bald eagle's natural\n", + " range covers most of North America, including most of Canada, all of the continental\n", + " United States, and northern Mexico. It is the only sea eagle endemic to North\n", + " America. Occupying varied habitats from the bayous of Louisiana to the Sonoran\n", + " Desert and the eastern deciduous forests of Quebec and New England, northern birds\n", + " are migratory, while southern birds are resident, remaining on their breeding\n", + " territory all year. At minimum population, in the 1950s, it was largely restricted\n", + " to Alaska, the Aleutian Islands, northern and eastern Canada, and Florida. From 1966\n", + " to 2015 bald eagle numbers increased substantially throughout its winter and\n", + " breeding ranges, and as of 2018 the species nests in every continental state and\n", + " province in the United States and Canada. The majority of bald eagles in Canada are\n", + " found along the British Columbia coast while large populations are found in the\n", + " forests of Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba and Ontario. Bald eagles also congregate\n", + " in certain locations in winter. From November until February, one to two thousand\n", + " birds winter in Squamish, British Columbia, about halfway between Vancouver and\n", + " Whistler. In March 2024, bald eagles were found nesting in Toronto for the first\n", + " time. The birds primarily gather along the Squamish and Cheakamus Rivers, attracted\n", + " by the salmon spawning in the area. Similar congregations of wintering bald eagles\n", + " at open lakes and rivers, wherein fish are readily available for hunting or\n", + " scavenging, are observed in the northern United States. It has occurred as a\n", + " vagrant twice in Ireland; a juvenile was shot illegally in Fermanagh on January 11,\n", + " 1973 (misidentified at first as a white-tailed eagle), and an exhausted juvenile was\n", + " captured near Castleisland, County Kerry on November 15, 1987. There is also a\n", + " record of it from Llyn Coron, Anglesey, in the United Kingdom, from October 17,\n", + " 1978; the provenance of this individual eagle has remained in dispute. The bald\n", + " eagle occurs during its breeding season in virtually any kind of American wetland\n", + " habitat such as seacoasts, rivers, large lakes or marshes or other large bodies of\n", + " open water with an abundance of fish. Studies have shown a preference for bodies of\n", + " water with a circumference greater than 11 km (7 mi), and lakes with an area greater\n", + " than 10 km2 (4 sq mi) are optimal for breeding bald eagles. The bald eagle\n", + " typically requires old-growth and mature stands of coniferous or hardwood trees for\n", + " perching, roosting, and nesting. Tree species reportedly is less important to the\n", + " eagle pair than the tree's height, composition and location. Perhaps of paramount\n", + " importance for this species is an abundance of comparatively large trees surrounding\n", + " the body of water. Selected trees must have good visibility, be over 20 m (66 ft)\n", + " tall, an open structure, and proximity to prey. If nesting trees are in standing\n", + " water such as in a mangrove swamp, the nest can be located fairly low, at as low as\n", + " 6 m (20 ft) above the ground. In a more typical tree standing on dry ground, nests\n", + " may be located from 16 to 38 m (52 to 125 ft) in height. In Chesapeake Bay, nesting\n", + " trees averaged 82 cm (32 in) in diameter and 28 m (92 ft) in total height, while in\n", + " Florida, the average nesting tree stands 23 m (75 ft) high and is 23 cm (9.1 in) in\n", + " diameter. Trees used for nesting in the Greater Yellowstone area average 27 m (89\n", + " ft) high. Trees or forest used for nesting should have a canopy cover of no more\n", + " than 60%, and no less than 20%, and be in close proximity to water. Most nests have\n", + " been found within 200 m (660 ft) of open water. The greatest distance from open\n", + " water recorded for a bald eagle nest was over 3 km (1.9 mi), in Florida. Bald eagle\n", + " nests are often very large in order to compensate for size of the birds. The largest\n", + " recorded nest was found in Florida in 1963, and was measured at 2.9 m (9.5 ft) wide\n", + " and 6.1 m (20 ft) deep. In Florida, nesting habitats often consist of mangrove\n", + " swamps, the shorelines of lakes and rivers, pinelands, seasonally flooded flatwoods,\n", + " hardwood swamps, and open prairies and pastureland with scattered tall trees.\n", + " Favored nesting trees in Florida are slash pines (Pinus elliottii), longleaf pines\n", + " (P. palustris), loblolly pines (P. taeda) and cypress trees, but for the southern\n", + " coastal areas where mangroves are usually used. In Wyoming, groves of mature\n", + " cottonwoods or tall pines found along streams and rivers are typical bald eagle\n", + " nesting habitats. Wyoming eagles may inhabit habitat types ranging from large, old-\n", + " growth stands of ponderosa pines (Pinus ponderosa) to narrow strips of riparian\n", + " trees surrounded by rangeland. In Southeast Alaska, Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis)\n", + " provided 78% of the nesting trees used by eagles, followed by hemlocks (Tsuga) at\n", + " 20%. Increasingly, eagles nest in human-made reservoirs stocked with fish. The bald\n", + " eagle is usually quite sensitive to human activity while nesting, and is found most\n", + " commonly in areas with minimal human disturbance. It chooses sites more than 1.2 km\n", + " (0.75 mi) from low-density human disturbance and more than 1.8 km (1.1 mi) from\n", + " medium- to high-density human disturbance. However, bald eagles will occasionally\n", + " nest in large estuaries or secluded groves within major cities, such as Hardtack\n", + " Island on the Willamette River in Portland, Oregon or John Heinz National Wildlife\n", + " Refuge at Tinicum in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, which are surrounded by a great\n", + " quantity of human activity. Even more contrary to the usual sensitivity to\n", + " disturbance, a family of bald eagles moved to the Harlem neighborhood in New York\n", + " City in 2010. While wintering, bald eagles tend to be less habitat and disturbance\n", + " sensitive. They will commonly congregate at spots with plentiful perches and waters\n", + " with plentiful prey and (in northern climes) partially unfrozen waters. Alternately,\n", + " non-breeding or wintering bald eagles, particularly in areas with a lack of human\n", + " disturbance, spend their time in various upland, terrestrial habitats sometimes\n", + " quite far away from waterways. In the northern half of North America (especially the\n", + " interior portion), this terrestrial inhabitance by bald eagles tends to be\n", + " especially prevalent because unfrozen water may not be accessible. Upland wintering\n", + " habitats often consist of open habitats with concentrations of medium-sized mammals,\n", + " such as prairies, meadows or tundra, or open forests with regular carrion access.\n", + " The bald eagle is a powerful flier, and soars on thermal convection currents. It\n", + " reaches speeds of 56–70 km/h (35–43 mph) when gliding and flapping, and about 48\n", + " km/h (30 mph) while carrying fish. Its dive speed is between 120–160 km/h (75–99\n", + " mph), though it seldom dives vertically. Regarding their flying abilities, despite\n", + " being morphologically less well adapted to faster flight than golden eagles\n", + " (especially during dives), the bald eagle is considered surprisingly maneuverable in\n", + " flight. Bald eagles have also been recorded catching up to and then swooping under\n", + " geese in flight, turning over and thrusting their talons into the other bird's\n", + " breast. It is partially migratory, depending on location. If its territory has\n", + " access to open water, it remains there year-round, but if the body of water freezes\n", + " during the winter, making it impossible to obtain food, it migrates to the south or\n", + " to the coast. A number of populations are subject to post-breeding dispersal, mainly\n", + " in juveniles; Florida eagles, for example, will disperse northwards in the summer.\n", + " The bald eagle selects migration routes which take advantage of thermals, updrafts,\n", + " and food resources. During migration, it may ascend in a thermal and then glide\n", + " down, or may ascend in updrafts created by the wind against a cliff or other\n", + " terrain. Migration generally takes place during the daytime, usually between the\n", + " local hours of 8:00 a.m. and 6:00 p.m., when thermals are produced by the sun. The\n", + " bald eagle is an opportunistic carnivore with the capacity to consume a great\n", + " variety of prey. Fish often comprise most of the eagle's diet throughout their\n", + " range. In 20 food habit studies across the species' range, fish comprised 56% of the\n", + " diet of nesting eagles, birds 28%, mammals 14% and other prey 2%. More than 400\n", + " species are known to be included in the bald eagle's prey spectrum, far more than\n", + " its ecological equivalent in the Old World, the white-tailed eagle, is known to\n", + " take. Despite its considerably lower population, the bald eagle may come in second\n", + " amongst all North American accipitrids, slightly behind only the red-tailed hawk, in\n", + " number of prey species recorded. To hunt fish, the eagle swoops down over the water\n", + " and snatches the fish out of the water with its talons. They eat by holding the fish\n", + " in one claw and tearing the flesh with the other. Eagles have structures on their\n", + " toes called spicules that allow them to grasp fish. Ospreys also have this\n", + " adaptation. Bird prey may occasionally be attacked in flight, with prey up to the\n", + " size of Canada geese attacked and killed in mid-air. It has been estimated that the\n", + " bald eagle's gripping power (pounds by square inch) is ten times greater than that\n", + " of a human. Bald eagles can fly with fish at least equal to their own weight, but if\n", + " the fish is too heavy to lift, the eagle may be dragged into the water. Bald eagles\n", + " can swim, but in some cases, they drag their catch ashore with their talons. Still,\n", + " some eagles drown or succumb to hypothermia. Many sources claim that bald eagles,\n", + " like all large eagles, cannot normally take flight carrying prey more than half of\n", + " their own weight unless aided by favorable wind conditions. On numerous occasions,\n", + " when large prey such as large fish including mature salmon or geese are attacked,\n", + " eagles have been seen to make contact and then drag the prey in a strenuously\n", + " labored, low flight over the water to a bank, where they then finish off and\n", + " dismember the prey. When food is abundant, an eagle can gorge itself by storing up\n", + " to 1 kg (2.2 lb) of food in a pouch in the throat called a crop. Gorging allows the\n", + " bird to fast for several days if food becomes unavailable. Occasionally, bald eagles\n", + " may hunt cooperatively when confronting prey, especially relatively large prey such\n", + " as jackrabbits or herons, with one bird distracting potential prey, while the other\n", + " comes behind it in order to ambush it. While hunting waterfowl, bald eagles\n", + " repeatedly fly at a target and cause it to dive repeatedly, hoping to exhaust the\n", + " victim so it can be caught (white-tailed eagles have been recorded hunting waterfowl\n", + " in the same way). When hunting concentrated prey, a successful catch often results\n", + " in the hunting eagle being pursued by other eagles and needing to find an isolated\n", + " perch for consumption if it is able to carry it away successfully. They obtain much\n", + " of their food as carrion or via a practice known as kleptoparasitism, by which they\n", + " steal prey away from other predators. Due to their dietary habits, bald eagles are\n", + " frequently viewed in a negative light by humans. Thanks to their superior foraging\n", + " ability and experience, adults are generally more likely to hunt live prey than\n", + " immature eagles, which often obtain their food from scavenging. They are not very\n", + " selective about the condition or origin, whether provided by humans, other animals,\n", + " auto accidents or natural causes, of a carcass's presence, but will avoid eating\n", + " carrion where disturbances from humans are a regular occurrence. They will scavenge\n", + " carcasses up to the size of whales, though carcasses of ungulates and large fish are\n", + " seemingly preferred. Congregated wintering waterfowl are frequently exploited for\n", + " carcasses to scavenge by immature eagles in harsh winter weather. Bald eagles also\n", + " may sometimes feed on material scavenged or stolen from campsites and picnics, as\n", + " well as garbage dumps (dump usage is habitual mainly in Alaska) and fish-processing\n", + " plants. In Southeast Alaska, fish comprise approximately 66% of the year-round diet\n", + " of bald eagles and 78% of the prey brought to the nest by the parents. Eagles living\n", + " in the Columbia River Estuary in Oregon were found to rely on fish for 90% of their\n", + " dietary intake. At least 100 species of fish have been recorded in the bald eagle's\n", + " diet. From observation in the Columbia River, 58% of the fish were caught alive by\n", + " the eagle, 24% were scavenged as carcasses and 18% were pirated away from other\n", + " animals. In the Pacific Northwest, spawning trout and salmon provide most of the\n", + " bald eagles' diet from late summer throughout fall. Though bald eagles occasionally\n", + " catch live salmon, they usually scavenge spawned salmon carcass. Southeast Alaskan\n", + " eagles largely prey on pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha), coho salmon (O.\n", + " kisutch) and, more locally, sockeye salmon (O. nerka), with Chinook salmon (O.\n", + " tshawytscha). Due to the Chinook salmon's large size (12 to 18 kg (26 to 40 lb)\n", + " average adult size) probably being taken only as carrion and a single carcass can\n", + " attract several eagles. Also important in the estuaries and shallow coastlines of\n", + " southern Alaska are Pacific herring (Clupea pallasii), Pacific sand lance (Ammodytes\n", + " hexapterus) and eulachon (Thaleichthys pacificus). In Oregon's Columbia River\n", + " Estuary, the most significant prey species were largescale suckers (Catostomus\n", + " macrocheilus) (17.3% of the prey selected there), American shad (Alosa sapidissima;\n", + " 13%) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio; 10.8%). Eagles living in the Chesapeake Bay\n", + " in Maryland were found to subsist largely on American gizzard shad (Dorosoma\n", + " cepedianum), threadfin shad (Dorosoma petenense) and white bass (Morone chrysops).\n", + " Floridian eagles have been reported to prey on catfish, most prevalently the brown\n", + " bullhead (Ameiurus nebulosus) and any species in the genus Ictalurus as well as\n", + " mullet, trout, needlefish, and eels. Chain pickerels (Esox niger) and white suckers\n", + " (Catostomus commersonii) are frequently taken in interior Maine. Wintering eagles on\n", + " the Platte River in Nebraska preyed mainly on American gizzard shads and common\n", + " carp. Bald eagles are also known to eat the following fish species: rainbow trout\n", + " (Oncorhynchus mykiss), white catfish (Ameiurus catus), rock greenling (Hexagrammos\n", + " lagocephalus), Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus), Atka mackerel (Pleurogrammus\n", + " monopterygius), largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), northern pike (Esox\n", + " lucius), striped bass (Morone saxatilis), dogfish shark (Squalidae.sp) and Blue\n", + " walleye (Sander vitreus). Fish taken by bald eagles varies in size, but bald eagles\n", + " take larger fish than other piscivorous birds in North America, typically range from\n", + " 20 to 75 cm (7.9 to 29.5 in) and prefer 36 cm (14 in) fish. When experimenters\n", + " offered fish of different sizes in the breeding season around Lake Britton in\n", + " California, fish measuring 34 to 38 cm (13 to 15 in) were taken 71.8% of the time by\n", + " parent eagles while fish measuring 23 to 27.5 cm (9.1 to 10.8 in) were chosen only\n", + " 25% of the time. At nests around Lake Superior, the remains of fish (mostly suckers)\n", + " were found to average 35.4 cm (13.9 in) in total length. In the Columbia River\n", + " estuary, most preyed on by eagles were estimated to measure less than 30 cm (12 in),\n", + " but larger fish between 30 and 60 cm (12 and 24 in) or even exceeding 60 cm (24 in)\n", + " in length also taken especially during the non-breeding seasons. They can take fish\n", + " up to at least twice their own weight, such as large mature salmons, carps, or even\n", + " muskellunge (Esox masquinongy), by dragging its catch with talons and pull toward\n", + " ashore. Much larger marine fish such as Pacific halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis)\n", + " and lemon sharks (Negaprion brevirostris) have been recorded among bald eagle prey\n", + " though probably are only taken as young, as small, newly mature fish, or as carrion.\n", + " Benthic fishes such as catfish are usually consumed after they die and float to the\n", + " surface, though while temporarily swimming in the open may be more vulnerable to\n", + " predation than most fish since their eyes focus downwards. Bald eagles also\n", + " regularly exploit water turbines which produce battered, stunned or dead fish easily\n", + " consumed. Predators who leave behind scraps of dead fish that they kill, such as\n", + " brown bears (Ursus arctos), gray wolves (Canis lupus) and red foxes (Vulpes vulpes),\n", + " may be habitually followed in order to scavenge the kills secondarily. Once North\n", + " Pacific salmon die off after spawning, usually local bald eagles eat salmon\n", + " carcasses almost exclusively. Eagles in Washington need to consume 489 g (1.078 lb)\n", + " of fish each day for survival, with adults generally consuming more than juveniles\n", + " and thus reducing potential energy deficiency and increasing survival during winter.\n", + " Behind fish, the next most significant prey base for bald eagles are other\n", + " waterbirds. The contribution of such birds to the eagle's diet is variable,\n", + " depending on the quantity and availability of fish near the water's surface.\n", + " Waterbirds can seasonally comprise from 7% to 80% of the prey selection for eagles\n", + " in certain localities. Overall, birds are the most diverse group in the bald eagle's\n", + " prey spectrum, with 200 prey species recorded. Bird species most preferred as prey\n", + " by eagles tend to be medium-sized, such as western grebes (Aechmophorus\n", + " occidentalis), mallards (Anas platyrhynchos), and American coots (Fulica americana)\n", + " as such prey is relatively easy for the much larger eagles to catch and fly with.\n", + " American herring gull (Larus smithsonianus) are the favored avian prey species for\n", + " eagles living around Lake Superior. Black ducks (Anas rubripes), common eiders\n", + " (Somateria mollissima), and double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus) are\n", + " also frequently taken in coastal Maine and velvet scoter (Melanitta fusca) was\n", + " dominant prey in San Miguel Island. Due to easy accessibility and lack of\n", + " formidable nest defense against eagles by such species, bald eagles are capable of\n", + " preying on such seabirds at all ages, from eggs to mature adults, and they can\n", + " effectively cull large portions of a colony. Along some portions of the North\n", + " Pacific coastline, bald eagles which had historically preyed mainly kelp-dwelling\n", + " fish and supplementally sea otter (Enhydra lutris) pups are now preying mainly on\n", + " seabird colonies since both the fish (possibly due to overfishing) and otters (cause\n", + " unknown) have had steep population declines, causing concern for seabird\n", + " conservation. Because of this more extensive predation, some biologist has expressed\n", + " concern that murres are heading for a \"conservation collision\" due to heavy eagle\n", + " predation. Eagles have been confirmed to attack nocturnally active, burrow-nesting\n", + " seabird species such as storm petrels and shearwaters by digging out their burrows\n", + " and feeding on all animals they find inside. If a bald eagle flies close by,\n", + " waterbirds will often fly away en masse, though they may seemingly ignore a perched\n", + " eagle in other cases. when the birds fly away from a colony, this exposes their\n", + " unprotected eggs and nestlings to scavengers such as gulls. While they usually\n", + " target small to medium-sized seabirds, larger seabirds such as great black-backed\n", + " gulls (Larus marinus) and northern gannets (Morus bassanus) and brown pelicans\n", + " (Pelecanus occidentalis) of all ages can successfully be taken by bald eagles.\n", + " Similarly, large waterbirds are occasionally killed. Geese such as wintering emperor\n", + " geese (Chen canagica) and snow geese (C. caerulescens), which gather in large\n", + " groups, sometimes becoming regular prey. Smaller Ross's geese (Anser rossii) are\n", + " also taken, as well as large-sized Canada geese (Branta canadensis). Predation on\n", + " the largest subspecies (Branta canadensis maxima) has been reported. Other large\n", + " waterbird prey include common loons (Gavia immer) of all ages. Large wading birds\n", + " can also fall prey to bald eagles. For the great blue herons (Ardea herodias), bald\n", + " eagles are their only serious enemies of all ages. Slightly larger Sandhill cranes\n", + " (Grus canadensis) can be taken as well. While adult whooping cranes (Grus americana)\n", + " are too large and formidable, their chicks can fall prey to bald eagles. They even\n", + " occasionally prey on adult tundra swans (Cygnus columbianus). Young trumpeter swans\n", + " (Cygnus buccinator) are also taken, and an unsuccessful attack on an adult swan has\n", + " been photographed. Bald eagles have been occasionally recorded as killing other\n", + " raptors. In some cases, these may be attacks of competition or kleptoparasitism on\n", + " rival species but end with the consumption of the dead victims. Nine species of\n", + " other accipitrids and owls are known to have been preyed upon by bald eagles. Owl\n", + " prey species have ranged in size from western screech-owls (Megascops kennicotti) to\n", + " snowy owls (Bubo scandiacus). Larger diurnal raptors known to have fallen victim to\n", + " bald eagles have included red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis), peregrine falcons\n", + " (Falco peregrinus), northern goshawks (Accipiter gentilis), ospreys (Pandion\n", + " haliaetus) and black (Coragyps atratus) and turkey vultures (Cathartes aura).\n", + " Mammalian preys are generally less frequently taken than fish or avian prey.\n", + " However, in some regions, such as landlocked areas of North America, wintering bald\n", + " eagles may become habitual predators of medium-sized mammals that occur in colonies\n", + " or local concentrations, such as prairie dogs (Cynomys sp.) and jackrabbits (Lepus\n", + " sp.). Bald eagles in Seedskadee National Wildlife Refuge often hunt in pair to catch\n", + " cottontails, jackrabbits and prairie dogs. They can attack and prey on rabbits and\n", + " hares of nearly any size, from marsh rabbits (Sylvilagus palustris) to black and\n", + " white-tailed jackrabbits (Lepus californicus & L. townsendii), and Arctic hares\n", + " (Lepus arcticus). In San Luis Valley, white-tailed jackrabbits can be important\n", + " prey. Additionally, rodents such as montane voles (Microtus montanus), brown rats\n", + " (Rattus norvegicus), and various squirrels are taken as supplementary prey. Larger\n", + " rodents such as muskrats (Ondatra zibethicus), young or small adult nutrias\n", + " (Myocastor coypus) and groundhogs (Marmota monax) are also preyed upon. Even\n", + " American porcupines (Erethizon dorsatum) are reportedly attacked and killed. Where\n", + " available, seal colonies can provide a lot of food. On Protection Island,\n", + " Washington, they commonly feed on harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) afterbirths, still-\n", + " borns and sickly seal pups. Similarly, bald eagles in Alaska readily prey on sea\n", + " otter (Enhydra lutris) pups. Small to medium-sized terrestrial mammalian carnivores\n", + " can be taken infrequently. Mustelid including American martens (Martes pennanti),\n", + " American minks (Neogale vison), and larger fisher cats (Pekania pennanti) are known\n", + " to be hunted. Foxes are also taken, including Island foxes ( Urocyon littoralis ),\n", + " Arctic foxes (Vulpes lagopus), and grey foxes (Urocyon cinereoargenteus). Although\n", + " fox farmers claimed that bald eagle heavily prey on young and adult free-range\n", + " Arctic fox, the predation events are sporadic. In one instance, two bald Eagles fed\n", + " upon a red fox (Vulpes vulpes) that had tried to cross a frozen Delaware Lake. Other\n", + " medium-sized carnivorans such as striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis), American hog-\n", + " nosed skunks (Conepatus leuconotus), and common raccoons (Procyon lotor) are taken,\n", + " as well as domestic cats (Felis catus) and dogs (canis familiaris). Other wild\n", + " mammalian prey include fawns of deer such as white-tailed deer (Odocoileus\n", + " virginianus) and Sitka deer (Odocoileus hemionus sitkensis), which weigh around 3 kg\n", + " (6.6 lb) can be taken alive by bald eagles. In one instance, a bald eagle was\n", + " observed carrying 6.8 kg (15 lb) mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) fawn. Additionally,\n", + " Virginia opossums (Didelphis virginiana) can be preyed upon. Still, predation events\n", + " are rare due to their nocturnal habits. Together with the golden eagle, bald eagles\n", + " are occasionally accused of preying on livestock, especially sheep (Ovis aries).\n", + " There are a handful of proven cases of lamb predation, some specimens weighing up to\n", + " 11 kg (24 lb), by bald eagles. Still, they are much less likely to attack a healthy\n", + " lamb than a golden eagle. Both species prefer native, wild prey and are unlikely to\n", + " cause any extensive detriment to human livelihoods. There is one case of a bald\n", + " eagle killing and feeding on an adult, pregnant ewe (then joined in eating the kill\n", + " by at least 3 other eagles), which, weighing on average over 60 kg (130 lb), is much\n", + " larger than any other known prey taken by this species. Supplemental prey is\n", + " readily taken given the opportunity. In some areas, reptiles may become regular\n", + " prey, especially in warm areas such as Florida where reptile diversity is high.\n", + " Turtles are perhaps the most regularly hunted type of reptile. In coastal New\n", + " Jersey, 14 of 20 studied eagle nests included remains of turtles. The main species\n", + " found were common musk turtles (Sternotherus odoratus), diamondback terrapin\n", + " (Malaclemys terrapin) and juvenile common snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina). In\n", + " these New Jersey nests, mainly subadult and small adults were taken, ranging in\n", + " carapace length from 9.2 to 17.1 cm (3.6 to 6.7 in). Similarly, many turtles were\n", + " recorded in the diet in the Chesapeake Bay. In Texas, softshell turtles are the most\n", + " frequently taken prey, and a large number of Barbour's map turtles are taken in\n", + " Torreya State Park. Other reptilian and amphibian prey includes southern alligator\n", + " lizards (Elgaria multicarinata), snakes such as garter snakes and rattlesnakes, and\n", + " Greater siren (Siren lacertina). Invertebrates are occasionally taken. In Alaska,\n", + " eagles feed on sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus sp.), chitons, mussels, and crabs.\n", + " Other various mollusks such as land snails, abalones, bivalves, periwinkles, blue\n", + " mussels, squids, and starfishes are taken as well. When competing for food, eagles\n", + " will usually dominate other fish-eaters and scavengers, aggressively displacing\n", + " mammals such as coyotes (Canis latrans) and foxes, and birds such as corvids, gulls,\n", + " vultures and other raptors. Occasionally, coyotes, bobcats (Lynx rufus) and domestic\n", + " dogs (Canis familiaris) can displace eagles from carrion, usually less confident\n", + " immature birds, as has been recorded in Maine. Bald eagles are less active, bold\n", + " predators than golden eagles and get relatively more of their food as carrion and\n", + " from kleptoparasitism (although it is now generally thought that golden eagles eat\n", + " more carrion than was previously assumed). However, the two species are roughly\n", + " equal in size, aggressiveness and physical strength and so competitions can go\n", + " either way. Neither species is known to be dominant, and the outcome depends on the\n", + " size and disposition of the individual eagles involved. Wintering bald and golden\n", + " eagles in Utah both sometimes won conflicts, though in one recorded instance a\n", + " single bald eagle successfully displaced two consecutive golden eagles from a kill.\n", + " Though bald eagles face few natural threats, an unusual attacker comes in the form\n", + " of the common loon (G. immer), which is also taken by eagles as prey. While common\n", + " loons normally avoid conflict, they are highly territorial and will attack predators\n", + " and competitors by stabbing at them with their knife-like bill; as the range of the\n", + " bald eagle has increased following conservation efforts, these interactions have\n", + " been observed on several occasions, including a fatality of a bald eagle in Maine\n", + " that is presumed to have come about as a result of it attacking a nest, then having\n", + " a fatal puncture wound inflicted by one or both loon parents. The bald eagle is\n", + " thought to be much more numerous in North America than the golden eagle, with the\n", + " bald species estimated to number at least 150,000 individuals, about twice as many\n", + " golden eagles there are estimated to live in North America. Due to this, bald eagles\n", + " often outnumber golden eagles at attractive food sources. Despite the potential for\n", + " contention between these animals, in New Jersey during winter, a golden eagle and\n", + " numerous bald eagles were observed to hunt snow geese alongside each other without\n", + " conflict. Similarly, both eagle species have been recorded, via video-monitoring, to\n", + " feed on gut piles and carcasses of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in\n", + " remote forest clearings in the eastern Appalachian Mountains without apparent\n", + " conflict. Bald eagles are frequently mobbed by smaller raptors, due to their\n", + " infrequent but unpredictable tendency to hunt other birds of prey. Many bald eagles\n", + " are habitual kleptoparasites, especially in winters when fish are harder to come by.\n", + " They have been recorded stealing fish from other predators such as ospreys, herons\n", + " and even otters. They have also been recorded opportunistically pirating birds from\n", + " peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus), prairie dogs from ferruginous hawks (Buteo\n", + " regalis) and even jackrabbits from golden eagles. When they approach scavengers such\n", + " as dogs, gulls or vultures at carrion sites, they often attack them in an attempt to\n", + " force them to disgorge their food. Healthy adult bald eagles are not preyed upon in\n", + " the wild and are thus considered apex predators. Bald eagles are sexually mature at\n", + " four or five years of age. When they are old enough to breed, they often return to\n", + " the area where they were born. Bald eagles have high mate fidelity and generally\n", + " mate for life. However, if one pair member dies or disappears, the survivor will\n", + " choose a new mate. A pair that has repeatedly failed in breeding attempts may split\n", + " and look for new mates. Bald eagle courtship involves elaborate, spectacular calls\n", + " and flight displays by the males. The flight includes swoops, chases, and\n", + " cartwheels, in which they fly high, lock talons, and free-fall, separating just\n", + " before hitting the ground. Usually, a territory defended by a mature pair will be 1\n", + " to 2 km (0.62 to 1.24 mi) of waterside habitat. Compared to most other raptors,\n", + " which mostly nest in April or May, bald eagles are early breeders: nest building or\n", + " reinforcing is often by mid-February, egg laying is often late February (sometimes\n", + " during deep snow in the North), and incubation is usually mid-March and early May.\n", + " Eggs hatch from mid-April to early May, and the young fledge from late June to early\n", + " July. The nest is the largest of any bird in North America; it is used repeatedly\n", + " over many years and with new material added each year may eventually be as large as\n", + " 4 m (13 ft) deep, 2.5 m (8.2 ft) across and weigh 1 metric ton (1.1 short tons). One\n", + " nest in Florida was found to be 6.1 m (20 ft) deep, 2.9 meters (9.5 ft) across, and\n", + " to weigh 3 short tons (2.7 metric tons). This nest is on record as the largest tree\n", + " nest ever recorded for any animal. Usually nests are used for under five years, as\n", + " they either collapse in storms or break the branches supporting them by their sheer\n", + " weight. However, one nest in the Midwest was occupied continuously for at least 34\n", + " years. The nest is built of branches, usually in large trees found near water. When\n", + " breeding where there are no trees, the bald eagle will nest on the ground, as has\n", + " been recorded largely in areas largely isolated from terrestrial predators, such as\n", + " Amchitka Island in Alaska. In Sonora, Mexico, eagles have been observed nesting on\n", + " top of hecho catcuses (Pachycereus pectin-aboriginum). Nests located on cliffs and\n", + " rock pinnacles have been reported historically in California, Kansas, Nevada, New\n", + " Mexico and Utah, but currently are only verified to occur only in Alaska and\n", + " Arizona. The eggs average about 73 mm (2.9 in) long, ranging from 58 to 85 mm (2.3\n", + " to 3.3 in), and have a breadth of 54 mm (2.1 in), ranging from 47 to 63 mm (1.9 to\n", + " 2.5 in). Eggs in Alaska averaged 130 g (4.6 oz) in mass, while in Saskatchewan they\n", + " averaged 114.4 g (4.04 oz). As with their ultimate body size, egg size tends to\n", + " increase with distance from the equator. Eagles produce between one and three eggs\n", + " per year, two being typical. Rarely, four eggs have been found in nests, but these\n", + " may be exceptional cases of polygyny. Eagles in captivity have been capable of\n", + " producing up to seven eggs. It is rare for all three chicks to successfully reach\n", + " the fledgling stage. The oldest chick often bears the advantage of a larger size and\n", + " louder voice, which tends to draw the parents' attention towards it. Occasionally,\n", + " as is recorded in many large raptorial birds, the oldest sibling sometimes attacks\n", + " and kills its younger sibling(s), especially early in the nesting period when their\n", + " sizes are most different. However, nearly half of the known bald eagles produce two\n", + " fledglings (more rarely three), unlike in some other \"eagle\" species such as some in\n", + " the genus Aquila, in which a second fledgling is typically observed in less than 20%\n", + " of nests, despite two eggs typically being laid. Both the male and female take turns\n", + " incubating the eggs, but the female does most of the sitting. The parent not\n", + " incubating will hunt for food or look for nesting material during this stage. For\n", + " the first two to three weeks of the nestling period, at least one adult is at the\n", + " nest almost 100% of the time. After five to six weeks, the attendance of parents\n", + " usually drops off considerably (with the parents often perching in trees nearby). A\n", + " young eaglet can gain up to 170 g (6.0 oz) a day, the fastest growth rate of any\n", + " North American bird. The young eaglets pick up and manipulate sticks, play tug of\n", + " war with each other, practice holding things in their talons, and stretch and flap\n", + " their wings. By eight weeks, the eaglets are strong enough to flap their wings, lift\n", + " their feet off the nest platform, and rise in the air. The young fledge at anywhere\n", + " from 8 to 14 weeks of age, though will remain close to the nest and be attended to\n", + " by their parents for a further 6 weeks. Juvenile eagles first start dispersing away\n", + " from their parents about 8 weeks after they fledge. Variability in departure date\n", + " related to effects of sex and hatching order on growth and development. For the next\n", + " four years, immature eagles wander widely in search of food until they attain adult\n", + " plumage and are eligible to reproduce. Male eagles have been observed killing and\n", + " cannibalizing their chicks. In 2024 at the National Conservation Training Center in\n", + " West Virginia, the NCTC's Eagle Cam recorded two bald eagle chicks being attacked\n", + " and devoured by their father as soon as the mother departed from the nest. The NCTC\n", + " noted in its statement on the incident that such behavior \"has been observed in\n", + " other nests and is not uncommon in birds of prey.\" On rare occasions, bald eagles\n", + " have been recorded to adopt other raptor fledglings into their nests, as seen in\n", + " 2017 by a pair of eagles in Shoal Harbor Migratory Bird Sanctuary near Sidney,\n", + " British Columbia. The pair of eagles in question are believed to have carried a\n", + " juvenile red-tailed hawk back to their nest, presumably as prey, whereupon the chick\n", + " was accepted into the family by both the parents and the eagles' three nestlings.\n", + " The hawk, nicknamed \"Spunky\" by biologists monitoring the nest, fledged\n", + " successfully. The average lifespan of bald eagles in the wild is around 20 years,\n", + " with the oldest confirmed one having been 38 years of age. In captivity, they often\n", + " live somewhat longer. In one instance, a captive individual in New York lived for\n", + " nearly 50 years. As with size, the average lifespan of an eagle population appears\n", + " to be influenced by its location and access to prey. As they are no longer heavily\n", + " persecuted, adult mortality is quite low. In one study of Florida eagles, adult bald\n", + " eagles reportedly had 100% annual survival rate. In Prince William Sound in Alaska,\n", + " adults had an annual survival rate of 88% even after the Exxon Valdez oil spill\n", + " adversely affected eagles in the area. Of 1,428 individuals from across the range\n", + " necropsied by National Wildlife Health Center from 1963 to 1984, 329 (23%) eagles\n", + " died from trauma, primarily impact with wires and vehicles; 309 (22%) died from\n", + " gunshot; 158 (11%) died from poisoning; 130 (9%) died from electrocution; 68 (5%)\n", + " died from trapping; 110 (8%) from emaciation; and 31 (2%) from disease; cause of\n", + " death was undetermined in 293 (20%) of cases. In this study, 68% of mortality was\n", + " human-caused. Today, eagle-shooting is believed to be considerably reduced due to\n", + " the species' protected status. A U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service study of 1,490 bald\n", + " eagle deaths from 1986 through 2017 in Michigan found that 532 (36%) died due to\n", + " being struck by cars while scavenging roadkill and 176 (12%) died due to lead\n", + " poisoning from ingesting fragments of lead ammo and fishing gear present in carrion,\n", + " with the proportion of both causes of death increasing significantly towards the end\n", + " of the study period. Most non-human-related mortality involves nestlings or eggs.\n", + " Around 50% of eagles survive their first year. However, in the Chesapeake Bay area,\n", + " 100% of 39 radio-tagged nestlings survived to their first year. Nestling or egg\n", + " fatalities may be due to nest collapses, starvation, sibling aggression or inclement\n", + " weather. Another significant cause of egg and nestling mortality is predation. Nest\n", + " predators include large gulls, corvids (including ravens, crows and magpies),\n", + " wolverines (Gulo gulo), fishers (Pekania pennanti), red-tailed hawks, owls, other\n", + " eagles, bobcats, American black bears (Ursus americanus) and raccoons. If food\n", + " access is low, parental attendance at the nest may be lower because both parents may\n", + " have to forage, thus resulting in less protection. Nestlings are usually exempt from\n", + " predation by terrestrial carnivores that are poor tree-climbers, but Arctic foxes\n", + " (Vulpes lagopus) occasionally snatched nestlings from ground nests on Amchitka\n", + " Island in Alaska before they were extirpated from the island. The bald eagle will\n", + " defend its nest fiercely from all comers and has even repelled attacks from bears,\n", + " having been recorded knocking a black bear out of a tree when the latter tried to\n", + " climb a tree holding nestlings. Once a common sight in much of the continent, the\n", + " bald eagle was severely affected in the mid-20th century by a variety of factors,\n", + " among them the thinning of egg shells attributed to use of the pesticide DDT. Bald\n", + " eagles, like many birds of prey, were especially affected by DDT due to\n", + " biomagnification. DDT itself was not lethal to the adult bird, but it interfered\n", + " with their calcium metabolism, making them either sterile or unable to lay healthy\n", + " eggs; many of their eggs were too brittle to withstand the weight of a brooding\n", + " adult, making it nearly impossible for them to hatch. It is estimated that in the\n", + " early 18th century the bald eagle population was 300,000–500,000, but by the 1950s\n", + " there were only 412 nesting pairs in the 48 contiguous states of the US. Other\n", + " factors in bald eagle population reductions were a widespread loss of suitable\n", + " habitat, as well as both legal and illegal shooting. In 1930 a New York City\n", + " ornithologist wrote that in the territory of Alaska in the previous 12 years\n", + " approximately 70,000 bald eagles had been shot. Many of the hunters killed the bald\n", + " eagles under the long-held beliefs that bald eagles grabbed young lambs and even\n", + " children with their talons, yet the birds were innocent of most of these alleged\n", + " acts of predation (lamb predation is rare, human predation is thought to be non-\n", + " existent). Illegal shooting was described as \"the leading cause of direct mortality\n", + " in both adult and immature bald eagles\" by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in\n", + " 1978. Leading causes of death in bald eagles include lead pollution, poisoning,\n", + " collision with motor vehicles, and power-line electrocution. A study published in\n", + " 2022 in the journal Science found that more than half of adult eagles across 38 US\n", + " states suffered from lead poisoning. The primary cause is when eagles scavenge\n", + " carcasses of animals shot by hunters. These are often tainted with lead shotgun\n", + " pellets, rifle rounds, or fishing tackle. The species was first protected in the\n", + " U.S. and Canada by the 1918 Migratory Bird Treaty, later extended to all of North\n", + " America. The Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act, approved by the U.S. Congress in\n", + " 1940, protected the bald eagle and the golden eagle, prohibiting commercial trapping\n", + " and killing of the birds as well as collecting their eggs. The bald eagle was\n", + " declared an endangered species in the U.S. in 1967, and amendments to the 1940 act\n", + " between 1962 and 1972 further restricted commercial uses and increased penalties for\n", + " violators. Perhaps most significant in the species' recovery, in 1972, DDT was\n", + " banned from usage in the United States due to the fact that it inhibited the\n", + " reproduction of many birds. DDT was completely banned in Canada in 1989, though its\n", + " use had been highly restricted since the late 1970s. With regulations in place and\n", + " DDT banned, the eagle population rebounded. The bald eagle can be found in growing\n", + " concentrations throughout the United States and Canada, particularly near large\n", + " bodies of water. In the early 1980s, the estimated total population was 100,000\n", + " individuals, with 110,000–115,000 by 1992; the U.S. state with the largest resident\n", + " population is Alaska, with about 40,000–50,000, with the next highest population the\n", + " Canadian province of British Columbia with 20,000–30,000 in 1992. Obtaining a\n", + " precise count of the bald eagle population is extremely difficult. The most recent\n", + " data submitted by individual states was in 2006, when 9789 breeding pairs were\n", + " reported. For some time, the stronghold breeding population of bald eagles in the\n", + " lower 48 states was in Florida, where over a thousand pairs have held on while\n", + " populations in other states were significantly reduced by DDT use. Today, the\n", + " contiguous state with the largest number of breeding pairs of eagles is Minnesota\n", + " with an estimated 1,312 pairs, surpassing Florida's most recent count of 1,166\n", + " pairs. 23, or nearly half, of the 48 contiguous states now have at least 100\n", + " breeding pairs of bald eagles. In Washington State, there were only 105 occupied\n", + " nests in 1980. That number increased by about 30 per year, so that by 2005 there\n", + " were 840 occupied nests. 2005 was the last year that the Washington Department of\n", + " Fish and Wildlife counted occupied nests. Further population increases in Washington\n", + " may be limited by the availability of late winter food, particularly salmon. The\n", + " bald eagle was officially removed from the U.S. federal government's list of\n", + " endangered species on July 12, 1995, by the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, when it\n", + " was reclassified from \"endangered\" to \"threatened\". On July 6, 1999, a proposal was\n", + " initiated \"To Remove the Bald Eagle in the Lower 48 States From the List of\n", + " Endangered and Threatened Wildlife\". It was de-listed on June 28, 2007. It has also\n", + " been assigned a risk level of least concern category on the IUCN Red List. In the\n", + " Exxon Valdez oil spill of 1989 an estimated 247 were killed in Prince William Sound,\n", + " though the local population returned to its pre-spill level by 1995. In some areas,\n", + " the increase in eagles has led to decreases in other bird populations and the eagles\n", + " may be considered a pest. In December 2016, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service\n", + " proposed extending the permits issued to wind generation companies to allow them to\n", + " kill up to 4,200 bald eagles per year without facing a penalty, four times the\n", + " previous number. The permits would last 30 years, six times the previous 5-year\n", + " term. Permits are required to keep bald eagles in captivity in the United States.\n", + " Permits are primarily issued to public educational institutions, and the eagles that\n", + " they show are permanently injured individuals that cannot be released to the wild.\n", + " The facilities where eagles are kept must be equipped with adequate caging, as well\n", + " as workers experienced in the handling and care of eagles. The bald eagle can be\n", + " long-lived in captivity if well cared for, but does not breed well even under the\n", + " best conditions. In Canada and in England a license is required to keep bald eagles\n", + " for falconry. Bald eagles cannot legally be kept for falconry in the United States,\n", + " but a license may be issued in some jurisdictions to allow use of such eagles in\n", + " birds-of-prey flight shows. The bald eagle is important in various Native American\n", + " cultures and, as the national symbol of the United States, is prominent in seals and\n", + " logos, coinage, postage stamps, and other items relating to the U.S. federal\n", + " government. The bald eagle is a sacred bird in some North American cultures, and\n", + " its feathers, like those of the golden eagle, are central to many religious and\n", + " spiritual customs among Native Americans. Eagles are considered spiritual messengers\n", + " between gods and humans by some cultures. Many pow wow dancers use the eagle claw as\n", + " part of their regalia as well. Eagle feathers are often used in traditional\n", + " ceremonies, particularly in the construction of regalia worn and as a part of fans,\n", + " bustles and head dresses. In the Navajo tradition an eagle feather is represented to\n", + " be a protector, along with the feather Navajo medicine men use the leg and wing\n", + " bones for ceremonial whistles. The Lakota, for instance, give an eagle feather as a\n", + " symbol of honor to person who achieves a task. In modern times, it may be given on\n", + " an event such as a graduation from college. The Pawnee consider eagles as symbols of\n", + " fertility because their nests are built high off the ground and because they\n", + " fiercely protect their young. The Choctaw consider the bald eagle, who has direct\n", + " contact with the upper world of the sun, as a symbol of peace. During the Sun\n", + " Dance, which is practiced by many Plains Indian tribes, the eagle is represented in\n", + " several ways. The eagle nest is represented by the fork of the lodge where the dance\n", + " is held. A whistle made from the wing bone of an eagle is used during the course of\n", + " the dance. Also during the dance, a medicine man may direct his fan, which is made\n", + " of eagle feathers, to people who seek to be healed. The medicine man touches the fan\n", + " to the center pole and then to the patient, in order to transmit power from the pole\n", + " to the patient. The fan is then held up toward the sky, so that the eagle may carry\n", + " the prayers for the sick to the Creator. Current eagle feather law stipulates that\n", + " only individuals of certifiable Native American ancestry enrolled in a federally\n", + " recognized tribe are legally authorized to obtain or possess bald or golden eagle\n", + " feathers for religious or spiritual use. The constitutionality of these laws has\n", + " been questioned by Native American groups on the basis that it violates the First\n", + " Amendment by affecting ability to practice their religion freely. The National\n", + " Eagle Repository, a division of the FWS, exists as a means to receive, process, and\n", + " store bald and golden eagles which are found dead and to distribute the eagles,\n", + " their parts and feathers to federally recognized Native American tribes for use in\n", + " religious ceremonies. The bald eagle is the national symbol of the United States.\n", + " It was adopted as a national emblem in 1782, but not designated the \"national bird\"\n", + " until an act of Congress in December 2024. The founders of the United States were\n", + " fond of comparing their new republic with the Roman Republic, in which eagle imagery\n", + " (usually involving the golden eagle) was prominent. On June 20, 1782, the\n", + " Continental Congress adopted the design for the Great Seal of the United States,\n", + " depicting a bald eagle grasping 13 arrows and an olive branch with thirteen leaves\n", + " with its talons. The bald eagle appears on most official seals of the U.S.\n", + " government, including the presidential seal, the presidential flag, and in the logos\n", + " of many U.S. federal agencies. Between 1916 and 1945, the presidential flag (but not\n", + " the seal) showed an eagle facing to its left (the viewer's right), which gave rise\n", + " to the urban legend that the flag is changed to have the eagle face towards the\n", + " olive branch in peace, and towards the arrows in wartime. Contrary to popular\n", + " legend, there is no evidence that Benjamin Franklin ever publicly supported the wild\n", + " turkey (Meleagris gallopavo), rather than the bald eagle, as a symbol of the United\n", + " States. However, in a letter written to his daughter in 1784 from Paris, criticizing\n", + " the Society of the Cincinnati, he stated his personal distaste for the bald eagle's\n", + " behavior. In the letter Franklin states: For my own part. I wish the bald eagle had\n", + " not been chosen the representative of our country. He is a bird of bad moral\n", + " character. He does not get his living honestly ... besides he is a rank coward: The\n", + " little king bird not bigger than a sparrow attacks him boldly and drives him out of\n", + " the district. Franklin opposed the creation of the Society because he viewed it,\n", + " with its hereditary membership, as a noble order unwelcome in the newly independent\n", + " Republic, contrary to the ideals of Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus, for whom the\n", + " Society was named. His reference to the two kinds of birds is interpreted as a\n", + " satirical comparison between the Society of the Cincinnati and Cincinnatus. Largely\n", + " because of its role as a symbol of the United States, but also because of its being\n", + " a large predator, the bald eagle has many representations in popular culture. In\n", + " film and television depictions the call of the red-tailed hawk, which is much louder\n", + " and more powerful, is often substituted for bald eagles.\n", + "\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "# ── Phrase prefix: autocomplete ──────────────────────────────────────────────\n", + "response_prefix = idx.documents.search(\n", + " namespace=NAMESPACE,\n", + " top_k=2,\n", + " score_by=[{\"type\": \"query_string\", \"query\": 'body:(\"tropical fo\"*)'}],\n", + " include_fields=[\"bird_name\", \"body\"],\n", + ")\n", + "\n", + "print('query_string body:(\"tropical fo\"*)\\n')\n", + "show_results(response_prefix, \"body\", -1)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "id": "step14-header", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## 16. Dense vector ranking with a phrase-match filter\n", + "\n", + "Only one scoring method is active at a time — `dense_vector` and\n", + "`text`/`query_string` clauses cannot be mixed in a single `score_by` array.\n", + "Both retrieval methods can still be combined in one query: full-text keyword\n", + "matching applies as a hard filter **before** scoring. The\n", + "scoring method (in this case `dense_vector`) orders whatever remains after filtering. Filtering guarantees the\n", + "results mention the right terms; vectors rank by semantic or visual similarity\n", + "within that constrained set.\n", + "\n", + "The query vector is produced by embedding a natural-language description with\n", + "Gemini's multimodal embedding model at the same dimensionality (768) as the\n", + "stored `image_embedding` vectors. Gemini embeds text and images into the same\n", + "space, so a text description of a visual concept lands near images of that concept.\n", + "\n", + "Three text-match filter operators:\n", + "\n", + "| Operator | Semantics |\n", + "|---|---|\n", + "| `$match_phrase` | tokens adjacent and in order (exact phrase) |\n", + "| `$match_all` | all tokens present, any order |\n", + "| `$match_any` | at least one token present |" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 73, + "id": "step14-gemini-setup", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Query : \"red bird with a prominent crest\"\n", + "Vector: 768-dim first 4 values: [0.028429693, 0.03973112, 0.0029524106, -0.04049515]\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from google import genai\n", + "from google.genai import types\n", + "\n", + "gem = genai.Client(api_key=GOOGLE_API_KEY)\n", + "EMBED = types.EmbedContentConfig(output_dimensionality=768)\n", + "\n", + "VISUAL_QUERY = \"red bird with a prominent crest\"\n", + "\n", + "query_vector = gem.models.embed_content(\n", + " model=\"gemini-embedding-2\",\n", + " contents=VISUAL_QUERY,\n", + " config=EMBED,\n", + ").embeddings[0].values\n", + "\n", + "print(f'Query : \"{VISUAL_QUERY}\"')\n", + "print(f'Vector: {len(query_vector)}-dim first 4 values: {list(query_vector[:4])}')" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 74, + "id": "step14-match-phrase", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "dense_vector image_embedding filter: body $match_phrase \"prominent crest\"\n", + "\n", + "Score 0.3905 [Acorn_woodpecker] Acorn woodpecker\n" + ] + }, + { + "data": { + "image/jpeg": 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", + "text/plain": [ + "" + ] + }, + "metadata": { + "image/jpeg": { + "width": 220 + } + }, + "output_type": "display_data" + }, + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + " The acorn woodpecker was formally described in 1827 by the English naturalist\n", + " William Swainson under the binomial name Picus formicivorus from a specimen\n", + " collected in Mexico. The specific epithet combines the Latin formica meaning \"ant\"\n", + " with -vorus meaning \"eating\". The type locality is Temascaltepec in Mexico. The\n", + " acorn woodpecker is one of 24 species now placed in the genus Melanerpes that was\n", + " introduced by Swainson in 1832. Within Melanerpes the acorn woodpecker is sister to\n", + " a clade containing two South American species: the white woodpecker (Melanerpes\n", + " candidus) and the white-fronted woodpecker (Melanerpes cactorum). Seven subspecies\n", + " are recognised: The adult acorn woodpecker has a brownish-black head, back, wings\n", + " and tail, white forehead, throat, belly and rump. The eyes are initially dark in\n", + " fledglings, turning to white within a few months. There is a small part on the small\n", + " of their backs where there are some greenish feathers.[citation needed] The bird is\n", + " mostly black, with adult males have a red cap starting at the forehead, whereas\n", + " females have a black area between the forehead and the cap. The white neck, throat,\n", + " and forehead patches are distinctive identifiers. When flying, they take a few flaps\n", + " of their wings and drop a foot or so. White circles on their wings are visible when\n", + " in flight. Acorn woodpeckers have a call that sounds almost like they are laughing.\n", + " Measurements: The acorn woodpecker's habitat is forested areas with oaks in the\n", + " coastal areas and foothills of Oregon, California, and the southwestern United\n", + " States, south through Central America to Colombia. This species may occur at low\n", + " elevations in the north of its range, but rarely below 1,000 m (3,300 ft) in Central\n", + " America, and it breeds up to the timberline. Nests are excavated in a cavity in a\n", + " dead tree or a dead part of a tree. Acorn woodpeckers are cooperative breeders,\n", + " living and breeding in family groups of up to 15 individuals. Field studies have\n", + " shown that within the same population, groups range from monogamous pairs to\n", + " polygynandrous breeding collectives consisting of coalitions of up to 8 males and 4\n", + " females, along with nonbreeding \"helpers at the nest\" that are offspring from prior\n", + " breeding events. Regardless of composition, all breeder males (who are usually\n", + " brothers or fathers and their sons) compete for matings with all breeder females\n", + " (who are sisters or a mother and her daughter), the latter of which lay their eggs\n", + " communally in the same nest cavity. There is considerable variability within and\n", + " among populations, suggesting extraordinary social plasticity. Cooperative breeding,\n", + " defined as more than two birds taking care of nestlings in the nest, is a relatively\n", + " rare evolutionary trait that is thought to occur in only nine percent of bird\n", + " species. Most cooperative breeding species have helpers at the nest, but acorn\n", + " woodpeckers are unusual in exhibiting both helping at the nest and cooperative\n", + " polygamy (polygynandry). It is generally believed that limited territories are a key\n", + " driver of cooperative breeding behavior in birds, and in the case of the acorn\n", + " woodpecker, the availability of acorn storage granaries (see below) is a key limited\n", + " resource. Breeding coalitions consist of up to eight cobreeding males and up to\n", + " four joint-nesting females. However, most nests consist of only a single breeder\n", + " female and 1 to 3 cobreeder males. Nesting groups can also contain up to ten\n", + " offspring helpers. As mentioned above, the breeder males are often brothers, and the\n", + " females are usually sisters. However, reproductive vacancies—formed when all the\n", + " breeders of one sex die—are filled by unrelated birds from elsewhere, so inbreeding\n", + " is rare, despite the high degree of relatedness among most group members. In groups\n", + " with more than one breeding female, the females lay their eggs in a single nest\n", + " cavity. A female usually destroys any eggs in the nest before she starts to lay.\n", + " Once all the females start to lay, they stop removing eggs. Although multiple\n", + " paternity and maternity are common within groups containing multiple cobreeders, no\n", + " extra-group paternity has been detected. Acorn woodpeckers, as their name implies,\n", + " depend heavily on acorns for food. Acorns are such an important resource to the\n", + " California populations that acorn woodpeckers may nest in the fall to take advantage\n", + " of the fall acorn crop, a rare behavior in birds. Acorns are stored in small holes\n", + " drilled especially for this purpose in \"granaries\" or \"storage trees\"—usually snags,\n", + " dead branches, utility poles, or wooden buildings. Storage holes—always in dead\n", + " tissue such as bark or dead limbs—are used year after year, and granaries can\n", + " consist of thousands of holes, each of which may be filled by an acorn in the\n", + " autumn. Access to acorn crops influences the composition of acorn woodpecker\n", + " communities. In one study in Old Mexico, there were about 90% of non-breeding adults\n", + " per social unit in 1976, a year of a poor acorn crop. The following year, 1977,\n", + " there was a significant increase in acorn production and a correlating decrease in\n", + " non-breeding adults per unit. Although acorns are an important back-up food\n", + " resource, acorn woodpeckers primarily feed on insects, sap, and fruit. They can be\n", + " seen sallying from tree limbs to catch insects, eating fruit and seeds, and drilling\n", + " holes to drink sap. The woodpeckers then collect acorns and find a hole that is\n", + " just the right size for the acorn. As acorns dry out, they are moved to smaller\n", + " holes and granary maintenance requires a significant amount of the bird's time. The\n", + " acorns are visible, and a group defends its granary against potential cache robbers\n", + " like Steller's jays and western scrub-jays. In some more tropical parts of its\n", + " range the acorn woodpecker does not construct a \"granary tree\", but instead stores\n", + " acorns in natural holes and cracks in bark. If the acorn crop is poor and birds\n", + " cannot find enough to store, the woodpeckers will move to other areas over the\n", + " winter. Acorn woodpeckers, like many other species, are threatened by habitat loss\n", + " and degradation. Competition for nest cavities by non-native species is an ongoing\n", + " threat in urbanized areas. Conservation of this species is dependent on the\n", + " maintenance of functional ecosystems that provide the full range of resources upon\n", + " which the species depends. These include mature forests with oaks capable of\n", + " producing large mast crops and places for the woodpeckers to nest, roost, and store\n", + " mast. Residents are encouraged to preserve mature oak and pine-oak stands of trees\n", + " and to provide dead limbs and snags for nesting, roosting, and granary sites to help\n", + " preserve the acorn woodpecker's population. Walter Lantz is believed to have\n", + " patterned the call of his cartoon character Woody Woodpecker on that of the acorn\n", + " woodpecker, while patterning his appearance on that of the pileated woodpecker,\n", + " which has a prominent crest.\n", + "\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "# ── Dense vector ranked by image similarity, filtered to exact phrase ────────\n", + "# filter applies BEFORE scoring — only documents whose body contains\n", + "# the exact adjacent phrase \"prominent crest\" are eligible to be ranked.\n", + "response_phrase = idx.documents.search(\n", + " namespace=NAMESPACE,\n", + " top_k=5,\n", + " score_by=[{\n", + " \"type\": \"dense_vector\",\n", + " \"field\": \"image_embedding\",\n", + " \"values\": query_vector,\n", + " }],\n", + " filter={\"body\": {\"$match_phrase\": \"prominent crest\"}},\n", + " include_fields=[\"bird_name\", \"body\"],\n", + ")\n", + "\n", + "print('dense_vector image_embedding filter: body $match_phrase \"prominent crest\"\\n')\n", + "show_results(response_phrase, \"body\", -1, image_dir=DATA_DIR / \"images\")" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 59, + "id": "step14-match-all", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "dense_vector image_embedding filter: body $match_all \"prominent crest\"\n", + "\n", + "Score 0.3905 [Acorn_woodpecker] Acorn woodpecker\n" + ] + }, + { + "data": { + "image/jpeg": 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", + "text/plain": [ + "" + ] + }, + "metadata": { + "image/jpeg": { + "width": 220 + } + }, + "output_type": "display_data" + }, + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + " The acorn woodpecker was formally described in 1827 by the English naturalist\n", + " William Swainson under the binomial name Picus formicivorus from a specimen\n", + " collected in Mexico. The specific epithet combines the Latin formica meaning \"ant\"\n", + " with -vorus meaning \"eating\". The type locality is Temascaltepec in Mexico. The\n", + " acorn woodpecker is one of 24 species now placed in the genus Melanerpes that was\n", + " introduced by Swainson in 1832. Within Melanerpes the acorn woodpecker is sister to\n", + " a clade containing two South American species: the white woodpecker (Melanerpes\n", + " candidus) and the white-fronted woodpecker (Melanerpes cactorum). Seven subspecies\n", + " are recognised: The adult acorn woodpecker has a brownish-black head, back, wings\n", + " and tail, white forehead, throat, belly and rump. The eyes are initially dark in\n", + " fledglings, turning to white within a few months. There is a small part on the small\n", + " of their backs where there are some greenish feathers.[citation needed] The bird is\n", + " mostly black, with adult males have a red cap starting at the forehead, whereas\n", + " females have a black area between the forehead and the cap. The white neck, throat,\n", + " and forehead patches are distinctive identifiers. When flying, they take a few flaps\n", + " of their wings and drop a foot or so. White circles on their wings are visible when\n", + " in flight. Acorn woodpeckers have a call that sounds almost like they are laughing.\n", + " Measurements: The acorn woodpecker's habitat is forested areas with oaks in the\n", + " coastal areas and foothills of Oregon, California, and the southwestern United\n", + " States, south through Central America to Colombia. This species may occur at low\n", + " elevations in the north of its range, but rarely below 1,000 m (3,300 ft) in Central\n", + " America, and it breeds up to the timberline. Nests are excavated in a cavity in a\n", + " dead tree or a dead part of a tree. Acorn woodpeckers are cooperative breeders,\n", + " living and breeding in family groups of up to 15 individuals. Field studies have\n", + " shown that within the same population, groups range from monogamous pairs to\n", + " polygynandrous breeding collectives consisting of coalitions of up to 8 males and 4\n", + " females, along with nonbreeding \"helpers at the nest\" that are offspring from prior\n", + " breeding events. Regardless of composition, all breeder males (who are usually\n", + " brothers or fathers and their sons) compete for matings with all breeder females\n", + " (who are sisters or a mother and her daughter), the latter of which lay their eggs\n", + " communally in the same nest cavity. There is considerable variability within and\n", + " among populations, suggesting extraordinary social plasticity. Cooperative breeding,\n", + " defined as more than two birds taking care of nestlings in the nest, is a relatively\n", + " rare evolutionary trait that is thought to occur in only nine percent of bird\n", + " species. Most cooperative breeding species have helpers at the nest, but acorn\n", + " woodpeckers are unusual in exhibiting both helping at the nest and cooperative\n", + " polygamy (polygynandry). It is generally believed that limited territories are a key\n", + " driver of cooperative breeding behavior in birds, and in the case of the acorn\n", + " woodpecker, the availability of acorn storage granaries (see below) is a key limited\n", + " resource. Breeding coalitions consist of up to eight cobreeding males and up to\n", + " four joint-nesting females. However, most nests consist of only a single breeder\n", + " female and 1 to 3 cobreeder males. Nesting groups can also contain up to ten\n", + " offspring helpers. As mentioned above, the breeder males are often brothers, and the\n", + " females are usually sisters. However, reproductive vacancies—formed when all the\n", + " breeders of one sex die—are filled by unrelated birds from elsewhere, so inbreeding\n", + " is rare, despite the high degree of relatedness among most group members. In groups\n", + " with more than one breeding female, the females lay their eggs in a single nest\n", + " cavity. A female usually destroys any eggs in the nest before she starts to lay.\n", + " Once all the females start to lay, they stop removing eggs. Although multiple\n", + " paternity and maternity are common within groups containing multiple cobreeders, no\n", + " extra-group paternity has been detected. Acorn woodpeckers, as their name implies,\n", + " depend heavily on acorns for food. Acorns are such an important resource to the\n", + " California populations that acorn woodpeckers may nest in the fall to take advantage\n", + " of the fall acorn crop, a rare behavior in birds. Acorns are stored in small holes\n", + " drilled especially for this purpose in \"granaries\" or \"storage trees\"—usually snags,\n", + " dead branches, utility poles, or wooden buildings. Storage holes—always in dead\n", + " tissue such as bark or dead limbs—are used year after year, and granaries can\n", + " consist of thousands of holes, each of which may be filled by an acorn in the\n", + " autumn. Access to acorn crops influences the composition of acorn woodpecker\n", + " communities. In one study in Old Mexico, there were about 90% of non-breeding adults\n", + " per social unit in 1976, a year of a poor acorn crop. The following year, 1977,\n", + " there was a significant increase in acorn production and a correlating decrease in\n", + " non-breeding adults per unit. Although acorns are an important back-up food\n", + " resource, acorn woodpeckers primarily feed on insects, sap, and fruit. They can be\n", + " seen sallying from tree limbs to catch insects, eating fruit and seeds, and drilling\n", + " holes to drink sap. The woodpeckers then collect acorns and find a hole that is\n", + " just the right size for the acorn. As acorns dry out, they are moved to smaller\n", + " holes and granary maintenance requires a significant amount of the bird's time. The\n", + " acorns are visible, and a group defends its granary against potential cache robbers\n", + " like Steller's jays and western scrub-jays. In some more tropical parts of its\n", + " range the acorn woodpecker does not construct a \"granary tree\", but instead stores\n", + " acorns in natural holes and cracks in bark. If the acorn crop is poor and birds\n", + " cannot find enough to store, the woodpeckers will move to other areas over the\n", + " winter. Acorn woodpeckers, like many other species, are threatened by habitat loss\n", + " and degradation. Competition for nest cavities by non-native species is an ongoing\n", + " threat in urbanized areas. Conservation of this species is dependent on the\n", + " maintenance of functional ecosystems that provide the full range of resources upon\n", + " which the species depends. These include mature forests with oaks capable of\n", + " producing large mast crops and places for the woodpeckers to nest, roost, and store\n", + " mast. Residents are encouraged to preserve mature oak and pine-oak stands of trees\n", + " and to provide dead limbs and snags for nesting, roosting, and granary sites to help\n", + " preserve the acorn woodpecker's population. Walter Lantz is believed to have\n", + " patterned the call of his cartoon character Woody Woodpecker on that of the acorn\n", + " woodpecker, while patterning his appearance on that of the pileated woodpecker,\n", + " which has a prominent crest.\n", + "\n", + "Score 0.2955 [Bald_eagle] Bald eagle\n" + ] + }, + { + "data": { + "image/jpeg": 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", + "text/plain": [ + "" + ] + }, + "metadata": { + "image/jpeg": { + "width": 220 + } + }, + "output_type": "display_data" + }, + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + " Falco ossifragus Shaw, 1809 (nec Linnaeus) The bald eagle (Haliaeetus\n", + " leucocephalus) is a bird of prey found in North America. A sea eagle, it has two\n", + " known subspecies and forms a species pair with the white-tailed eagle (Haliaeetus\n", + " albicilla), which occupies the same niche as the bald eagle in the Palearctic. Its\n", + " range includes most of Canada and Alaska, all of the contiguous United States, and\n", + " northern Mexico. It is found near large bodies of open water with an abundant food\n", + " supply and old-growth trees for nesting. The bald eagle is an opportunistic feeder\n", + " which subsists mainly on fish, which it swoops down upon and snatches from the water\n", + " with its talons. It builds the largest nest of any North American bird and the\n", + " largest tree nests ever recorded for any animal species, up to 4 m (13 ft) deep, 2.5\n", + " m (8.2 ft) wide, and 1 metric ton (1.1 short tons) in weight. Sexual maturity is\n", + " attained at the age of four to five years. Bald eagles are not bald; the name\n", + " derives from an older meaning of the word, \"white-headed\". The adult is mainly brown\n", + " with a white head and tail. The sexes are identical in plumage, but females are\n", + " about 25 percent larger than males. The yellow beak is large and hooked. The plumage\n", + " of the immature is brown. The bald eagle is the national symbol of the United\n", + " States and appears on its seal. In the late 20th century it was on the brink of\n", + " extirpation in the contiguous United States, but measures such as banning the\n", + " practice of hunting bald eagles and banning the use of the harmful pesticide DDT\n", + " slowed the decline of their population. Populations have since recovered, and the\n", + " species' status was upgraded from \"endangered\" to \"threatened\" in 1995 and removed\n", + " from the list altogether in 2007. In 2024, the bald eagle was officially made the\n", + " national bird of the United States. The bald eagle is placed in the genus\n", + " Haliaeetus (sea eagles), and gets both its common and specific scientific names from\n", + " the distinctive appearance of the adult's head. Bald in the English name is from an\n", + " older usage meaning \"having white on the face or head\" rather than \"hairless\",\n", + " referring to the white head feathers contrasting with the darker body. The genus\n", + " name is Neo-Latin: Haliaeetus (from the Ancient Greek: ἁλιάετος, romanized:\n", + " haliaetos, lit. 'sea eagle'), and the specific name, leucocephalus, is Latinized\n", + " (Ancient Greek: λευκός, romanized: leukos, lit. 'white') and (κεφαλή, kephalḗ,\n", + " 'head'). The bald eagle was one of the many species originally described by Carl\n", + " Linnaeus in his 18th-century work Systema Naturae, under the name Falco\n", + " leucocephalus. The bald eagle forms a species pair with the white-tailed eagle of\n", + " Eurasia. This species pair consists of a white-headed and a tan-headed species of\n", + " roughly equal size; the white-tailed eagle also has overall somewhat paler brown\n", + " body plumage. The two species fill the same ecological niche in their respective\n", + " ranges. The pair diverged from other sea eagles at the beginning of the Early\n", + " Miocene (c. 10 Ma BP) at the latest, but possibly as early as the Early/Middle\n", + " Oligocene, 28 Ma BP, if the most ancient fossil record is correctly assigned to this\n", + " genus. There are two recognized subspecies of bald eagle: The plumage of an adult\n", + " bald eagle is evenly dark brown with a white head and tail. The tail is moderately\n", + " long and slightly wedge-shaped. Males and females are identical in plumage\n", + " coloration, but sexual dimorphism is evident in the species, in that females are 25%\n", + " larger than males. The beak, feet and irises are bright yellow. The legs are\n", + " feather-free, and the toes are short and powerful with large talons. The highly\n", + " developed talon of the hind toe is used to pierce the vital areas of prey while it\n", + " is held immobile by the front toes. The beak is large and hooked, with a yellow\n", + " cere. The adult bald eagle is unmistakable in its native range. The closely related\n", + " African fish eagle (Haliaeetus vocifer) (from far outside the bald eagle's range)\n", + " also has a brown body (albeit of somewhat more rufous hue), white head and tail, but\n", + " differs from the bald eagle in having a white chest and black tip to the bill. The\n", + " plumage of the immature is a dark brown overlaid with messy white streaking until\n", + " the fifth (rarely fourth, very rarely third) year, when it reaches sexual maturity.\n", + " Immature bald eagles are distinguishable from the golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos),\n", + " the only other very large, non-vulturine raptorial bird in North America, in that\n", + " the former has a larger, more protruding head with a larger beak, straighter edged\n", + " wings which are held flat (not slightly raised) and with a stiffer wing beat and\n", + " feathers which do not completely cover the legs. When seen well, the golden eagle is\n", + " distinctive in plumage with a more solid warm brown color than an immature bald\n", + " eagle, with a reddish-golden patch to its nape and (in immature birds) a highly\n", + " contrasting set of white squares on the wing. The bald eagle has sometimes been\n", + " considered the largest true raptor (accipitrid) in North America. The only larger\n", + " species of raptor-like bird is the California condor (Gymnogyps californianus), a\n", + " New World vulture which today is not generally considered a taxonomic ally of true\n", + " accipitrids. However, the golden eagle, averaging 4.18 kg (9.2 lb) and 63 cm (25 in)\n", + " in wing chord length in its American race (Aquila chrysaetos canadensis), is merely\n", + " 455 g (1.003 lb) lighter in mean body mass and exceeds the bald eagle in mean wing\n", + " chord length by around 3 cm (1.2 in). Additionally, the bald eagle's close cousins,\n", + " the relatively longer-winged but shorter-tailed white-tailed eagle and the overall\n", + " larger Steller's sea eagle (Haliaeetus pelagicus), may, rarely, wander to coastal\n", + " Alaska from Asia. The bald eagle has a body length of 70–102 cm (28–40 in). Typical\n", + " wingspan is between 1.8 and 2.3 m (5 ft 11 in and 7 ft 7 in) and mass is normally\n", + " between 3 and 6.3 kg (6.6 and 13.9 lb). Females are about 25% larger than males,\n", + " averaging as much as 5.6 kg (12 lb), and against the males' average weight of 4.1 kg\n", + " (9.0 lb). The size of the bird varies by location and generally corresponds with\n", + " Bergmann's rule: the species increases in size further away from the equator and the\n", + " tropics. For example, eagles from South Carolina average 3.27 kg (7.2 lb) in mass\n", + " and 1.88 m (6 ft 2 in) in wingspan, smaller than their northern counterparts. One\n", + " field guide in Florida listed similarly small sizes for bald eagles there, at about\n", + " 4.13 kg (9.1 lb). Of intermediate size, 117 migrant bald eagles in Glacier National\n", + " Park were found to average 4.22 kg (9.3 lb) but this was mostly (possibly post-\n", + " dispersal) juvenile eagles, with 6 adults here averaging 4.3 kg (9.5 lb). Wintering\n", + " eagles in Arizona (winter weights are usually the highest of the year since, like\n", + " many raptors, they spend the highest percentage of time foraging during winter) were\n", + " found to average 4.74 kg (10.4 lb). The largest eagles are from Alaska, where large\n", + " females may weigh more than 7 kg (15 lb) and span 2.44 m (8 ft 0 in) across the\n", + " wings. A survey of adult weights in Alaska showed that females there weighed on\n", + " average 5.35 kg (11.8 lb), respectively, and males weighed 4.23 kg (9.3 lb) against\n", + " immatures which averaged 5.09 kg (11.2 lb) and 4.05 kg (8.9 lb) in the two sexes. An\n", + " Alaskan adult female eagle that was considered outsized weighed some 7.4 kg (16 lb).\n", + " R.S. Palmer listed a record from 1876 in Wyoming County, New York of an enormous\n", + " adult bald eagle that was shot and reportedly scaled 8.2 kg (18 lb). Among standard\n", + " linear measurements, the wing chord is 51.5–69 cm (20.3–27.2 in), the tail is 23–37\n", + " cm (9.1–14.6 in) long, and the tarsus is 8 to 11 cm (3.1 to 4.3 in). The culmen\n", + " reportedly ranges from 3 to 7.5 cm (1.2 to 3.0 in), while the measurement from the\n", + " gape to the tip of the bill is 7–9 cm (2.8–3.5 in). The bill size is unusually\n", + " variable: Alaskan eagles can have up to twice the bill length of birds from the\n", + " southern United States (Georgia, Louisiana, Florida), with means including both\n", + " sexes of 6.83 cm (2.69 in) and 4.12 cm (1.62 in) in culmen length, respectively,\n", + " from these two areas. The call consists of weak staccato, chirping whistles, kleek\n", + " kik ik ik ik, somewhat similar in cadence to a gull's call. The calls of young birds\n", + " tend to be more harsh and shrill than those of adults. The bald eagle's natural\n", + " range covers most of North America, including most of Canada, all of the continental\n", + " United States, and northern Mexico. It is the only sea eagle endemic to North\n", + " America. Occupying varied habitats from the bayous of Louisiana to the Sonoran\n", + " Desert and the eastern deciduous forests of Quebec and New England, northern birds\n", + " are migratory, while southern birds are resident, remaining on their breeding\n", + " territory all year. At minimum population, in the 1950s, it was largely restricted\n", + " to Alaska, the Aleutian Islands, northern and eastern Canada, and Florida. From 1966\n", + " to 2015 bald eagle numbers increased substantially throughout its winter and\n", + " breeding ranges, and as of 2018 the species nests in every continental state and\n", + " province in the United States and Canada. The majority of bald eagles in Canada are\n", + " found along the British Columbia coast while large populations are found in the\n", + " forests of Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba and Ontario. Bald eagles also congregate\n", + " in certain locations in winter. From November until February, one to two thousand\n", + " birds winter in Squamish, British Columbia, about halfway between Vancouver and\n", + " Whistler. In March 2024, bald eagles were found nesting in Toronto for the first\n", + " time. The birds primarily gather along the Squamish and Cheakamus Rivers, attracted\n", + " by the salmon spawning in the area. Similar congregations of wintering bald eagles\n", + " at open lakes and rivers, wherein fish are readily available for hunting or\n", + " scavenging, are observed in the northern United States. It has occurred as a\n", + " vagrant twice in Ireland; a juvenile was shot illegally in Fermanagh on January 11,\n", + " 1973 (misidentified at first as a white-tailed eagle), and an exhausted juvenile was\n", + " captured near Castleisland, County Kerry on November 15, 1987. There is also a\n", + " record of it from Llyn Coron, Anglesey, in the United Kingdom, from October 17,\n", + " 1978; the provenance of this individual eagle has remained in dispute. The bald\n", + " eagle occurs during its breeding season in virtually any kind of American wetland\n", + " habitat such as seacoasts, rivers, large lakes or marshes or other large bodies of\n", + " open water with an abundance of fish. Studies have shown a preference for bodies of\n", + " water with a circumference greater than 11 km (7 mi), and lakes with an area greater\n", + " than 10 km2 (4 sq mi) are optimal for breeding bald eagles. The bald eagle\n", + " typically requires old-growth and mature stands of coniferous or hardwood trees for\n", + " perching, roosting, and nesting. Tree species reportedly is less important to the\n", + " eagle pair than the tree's height, composition and location. Perhaps of paramount\n", + " importance for this species is an abundance of comparatively large trees surrounding\n", + " the body of water. Selected trees must have good visibility, be over 20 m (66 ft)\n", + " tall, an open structure, and proximity to prey. If nesting trees are in standing\n", + " water such as in a mangrove swamp, the nest can be located fairly low, at as low as\n", + " 6 m (20 ft) above the ground. In a more typical tree standing on dry ground, nests\n", + " may be located from 16 to 38 m (52 to 125 ft) in height. In Chesapeake Bay, nesting\n", + " trees averaged 82 cm (32 in) in diameter and 28 m (92 ft) in total height, while in\n", + " Florida, the average nesting tree stands 23 m (75 ft) high and is 23 cm (9.1 in) in\n", + " diameter. Trees used for nesting in the Greater Yellowstone area average 27 m (89\n", + " ft) high. Trees or forest used for nesting should have a canopy cover of no more\n", + " than 60%, and no less than 20%, and be in close proximity to water. Most nests have\n", + " been found within 200 m (660 ft) of open water. The greatest distance from open\n", + " water recorded for a bald eagle nest was over 3 km (1.9 mi), in Florida. Bald eagle\n", + " nests are often very large in order to compensate for size of the birds. The largest\n", + " recorded nest was found in Florida in 1963, and was measured at 2.9 m (9.5 ft) wide\n", + " and 6.1 m (20 ft) deep. In Florida, nesting habitats often consist of mangrove\n", + " swamps, the shorelines of lakes and rivers, pinelands, seasonally flooded flatwoods,\n", + " hardwood swamps, and open prairies and pastureland with scattered tall trees.\n", + " Favored nesting trees in Florida are slash pines (Pinus elliottii), longleaf pines\n", + " (P. palustris), loblolly pines (P. taeda) and cypress trees, but for the southern\n", + " coastal areas where mangroves are usually used. In Wyoming, groves of mature\n", + " cottonwoods or tall pines found along streams and rivers are typical bald eagle\n", + " nesting habitats. Wyoming eagles may inhabit habitat types ranging from large, old-\n", + " growth stands of ponderosa pines (Pinus ponderosa) to narrow strips of riparian\n", + " trees surrounded by rangeland. In Southeast Alaska, Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis)\n", + " provided 78% of the nesting trees used by eagles, followed by hemlocks (Tsuga) at\n", + " 20%. Increasingly, eagles nest in human-made reservoirs stocked with fish. The bald\n", + " eagle is usually quite sensitive to human activity while nesting, and is found most\n", + " commonly in areas with minimal human disturbance. It chooses sites more than 1.2 km\n", + " (0.75 mi) from low-density human disturbance and more than 1.8 km (1.1 mi) from\n", + " medium- to high-density human disturbance. However, bald eagles will occasionally\n", + " nest in large estuaries or secluded groves within major cities, such as Hardtack\n", + " Island on the Willamette River in Portland, Oregon or John Heinz National Wildlife\n", + " Refuge at Tinicum in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, which are surrounded by a great\n", + " quantity of human activity. Even more contrary to the usual sensitivity to\n", + " disturbance, a family of bald eagles moved to the Harlem neighborhood in New York\n", + " City in 2010. While wintering, bald eagles tend to be less habitat and disturbance\n", + " sensitive. They will commonly congregate at spots with plentiful perches and waters\n", + " with plentiful prey and (in northern climes) partially unfrozen waters. Alternately,\n", + " non-breeding or wintering bald eagles, particularly in areas with a lack of human\n", + " disturbance, spend their time in various upland, terrestrial habitats sometimes\n", + " quite far away from waterways. In the northern half of North America (especially the\n", + " interior portion), this terrestrial inhabitance by bald eagles tends to be\n", + " especially prevalent because unfrozen water may not be accessible. Upland wintering\n", + " habitats often consist of open habitats with concentrations of medium-sized mammals,\n", + " such as prairies, meadows or tundra, or open forests with regular carrion access.\n", + " The bald eagle is a powerful flier, and soars on thermal convection currents. It\n", + " reaches speeds of 56–70 km/h (35–43 mph) when gliding and flapping, and about 48\n", + " km/h (30 mph) while carrying fish. Its dive speed is between 120–160 km/h (75–99\n", + " mph), though it seldom dives vertically. Regarding their flying abilities, despite\n", + " being morphologically less well adapted to faster flight than golden eagles\n", + " (especially during dives), the bald eagle is considered surprisingly maneuverable in\n", + " flight. Bald eagles have also been recorded catching up to and then swooping under\n", + " geese in flight, turning over and thrusting their talons into the other bird's\n", + " breast. It is partially migratory, depending on location. If its territory has\n", + " access to open water, it remains there year-round, but if the body of water freezes\n", + " during the winter, making it impossible to obtain food, it migrates to the south or\n", + " to the coast. A number of populations are subject to post-breeding dispersal, mainly\n", + " in juveniles; Florida eagles, for example, will disperse northwards in the summer.\n", + " The bald eagle selects migration routes which take advantage of thermals, updrafts,\n", + " and food resources. During migration, it may ascend in a thermal and then glide\n", + " down, or may ascend in updrafts created by the wind against a cliff or other\n", + " terrain. Migration generally takes place during the daytime, usually between the\n", + " local hours of 8:00 a.m. and 6:00 p.m., when thermals are produced by the sun. The\n", + " bald eagle is an opportunistic carnivore with the capacity to consume a great\n", + " variety of prey. Fish often comprise most of the eagle's diet throughout their\n", + " range. In 20 food habit studies across the species' range, fish comprised 56% of the\n", + " diet of nesting eagles, birds 28%, mammals 14% and other prey 2%. More than 400\n", + " species are known to be included in the bald eagle's prey spectrum, far more than\n", + " its ecological equivalent in the Old World, the white-tailed eagle, is known to\n", + " take. Despite its considerably lower population, the bald eagle may come in second\n", + " amongst all North American accipitrids, slightly behind only the red-tailed hawk, in\n", + " number of prey species recorded. To hunt fish, the eagle swoops down over the water\n", + " and snatches the fish out of the water with its talons. They eat by holding the fish\n", + " in one claw and tearing the flesh with the other. Eagles have structures on their\n", + " toes called spicules that allow them to grasp fish. Ospreys also have this\n", + " adaptation. Bird prey may occasionally be attacked in flight, with prey up to the\n", + " size of Canada geese attacked and killed in mid-air. It has been estimated that the\n", + " bald eagle's gripping power (pounds by square inch) is ten times greater than that\n", + " of a human. Bald eagles can fly with fish at least equal to their own weight, but if\n", + " the fish is too heavy to lift, the eagle may be dragged into the water. Bald eagles\n", + " can swim, but in some cases, they drag their catch ashore with their talons. Still,\n", + " some eagles drown or succumb to hypothermia. Many sources claim that bald eagles,\n", + " like all large eagles, cannot normally take flight carrying prey more than half of\n", + " their own weight unless aided by favorable wind conditions. On numerous occasions,\n", + " when large prey such as large fish including mature salmon or geese are attacked,\n", + " eagles have been seen to make contact and then drag the prey in a strenuously\n", + " labored, low flight over the water to a bank, where they then finish off and\n", + " dismember the prey. When food is abundant, an eagle can gorge itself by storing up\n", + " to 1 kg (2.2 lb) of food in a pouch in the throat called a crop. Gorging allows the\n", + " bird to fast for several days if food becomes unavailable. Occasionally, bald eagles\n", + " may hunt cooperatively when confronting prey, especially relatively large prey such\n", + " as jackrabbits or herons, with one bird distracting potential prey, while the other\n", + " comes behind it in order to ambush it. While hunting waterfowl, bald eagles\n", + " repeatedly fly at a target and cause it to dive repeatedly, hoping to exhaust the\n", + " victim so it can be caught (white-tailed eagles have been recorded hunting waterfowl\n", + " in the same way). When hunting concentrated prey, a successful catch often results\n", + " in the hunting eagle being pursued by other eagles and needing to find an isolated\n", + " perch for consumption if it is able to carry it away successfully. They obtain much\n", + " of their food as carrion or via a practice known as kleptoparasitism, by which they\n", + " steal prey away from other predators. Due to their dietary habits, bald eagles are\n", + " frequently viewed in a negative light by humans. Thanks to their superior foraging\n", + " ability and experience, adults are generally more likely to hunt live prey than\n", + " immature eagles, which often obtain their food from scavenging. They are not very\n", + " selective about the condition or origin, whether provided by humans, other animals,\n", + " auto accidents or natural causes, of a carcass's presence, but will avoid eating\n", + " carrion where disturbances from humans are a regular occurrence. They will scavenge\n", + " carcasses up to the size of whales, though carcasses of ungulates and large fish are\n", + " seemingly preferred. Congregated wintering waterfowl are frequently exploited for\n", + " carcasses to scavenge by immature eagles in harsh winter weather. Bald eagles also\n", + " may sometimes feed on material scavenged or stolen from campsites and picnics, as\n", + " well as garbage dumps (dump usage is habitual mainly in Alaska) and fish-processing\n", + " plants. In Southeast Alaska, fish comprise approximately 66% of the year-round diet\n", + " of bald eagles and 78% of the prey brought to the nest by the parents. Eagles living\n", + " in the Columbia River Estuary in Oregon were found to rely on fish for 90% of their\n", + " dietary intake. At least 100 species of fish have been recorded in the bald eagle's\n", + " diet. From observation in the Columbia River, 58% of the fish were caught alive by\n", + " the eagle, 24% were scavenged as carcasses and 18% were pirated away from other\n", + " animals. In the Pacific Northwest, spawning trout and salmon provide most of the\n", + " bald eagles' diet from late summer throughout fall. Though bald eagles occasionally\n", + " catch live salmon, they usually scavenge spawned salmon carcass. Southeast Alaskan\n", + " eagles largely prey on pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha), coho salmon (O.\n", + " kisutch) and, more locally, sockeye salmon (O. nerka), with Chinook salmon (O.\n", + " tshawytscha). Due to the Chinook salmon's large size (12 to 18 kg (26 to 40 lb)\n", + " average adult size) probably being taken only as carrion and a single carcass can\n", + " attract several eagles. Also important in the estuaries and shallow coastlines of\n", + " southern Alaska are Pacific herring (Clupea pallasii), Pacific sand lance (Ammodytes\n", + " hexapterus) and eulachon (Thaleichthys pacificus). In Oregon's Columbia River\n", + " Estuary, the most significant prey species were largescale suckers (Catostomus\n", + " macrocheilus) (17.3% of the prey selected there), American shad (Alosa sapidissima;\n", + " 13%) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio; 10.8%). Eagles living in the Chesapeake Bay\n", + " in Maryland were found to subsist largely on American gizzard shad (Dorosoma\n", + " cepedianum), threadfin shad (Dorosoma petenense) and white bass (Morone chrysops).\n", + " Floridian eagles have been reported to prey on catfish, most prevalently the brown\n", + " bullhead (Ameiurus nebulosus) and any species in the genus Ictalurus as well as\n", + " mullet, trout, needlefish, and eels. Chain pickerels (Esox niger) and white suckers\n", + " (Catostomus commersonii) are frequently taken in interior Maine. Wintering eagles on\n", + " the Platte River in Nebraska preyed mainly on American gizzard shads and common\n", + " carp. Bald eagles are also known to eat the following fish species: rainbow trout\n", + " (Oncorhynchus mykiss), white catfish (Ameiurus catus), rock greenling (Hexagrammos\n", + " lagocephalus), Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus), Atka mackerel (Pleurogrammus\n", + " monopterygius), largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), northern pike (Esox\n", + " lucius), striped bass (Morone saxatilis), dogfish shark (Squalidae.sp) and Blue\n", + " walleye (Sander vitreus). Fish taken by bald eagles varies in size, but bald eagles\n", + " take larger fish than other piscivorous birds in North America, typically range from\n", + " 20 to 75 cm (7.9 to 29.5 in) and prefer 36 cm (14 in) fish. When experimenters\n", + " offered fish of different sizes in the breeding season around Lake Britton in\n", + " California, fish measuring 34 to 38 cm (13 to 15 in) were taken 71.8% of the time by\n", + " parent eagles while fish measuring 23 to 27.5 cm (9.1 to 10.8 in) were chosen only\n", + " 25% of the time. At nests around Lake Superior, the remains of fish (mostly suckers)\n", + " were found to average 35.4 cm (13.9 in) in total length. In the Columbia River\n", + " estuary, most preyed on by eagles were estimated to measure less than 30 cm (12 in),\n", + " but larger fish between 30 and 60 cm (12 and 24 in) or even exceeding 60 cm (24 in)\n", + " in length also taken especially during the non-breeding seasons. They can take fish\n", + " up to at least twice their own weight, such as large mature salmons, carps, or even\n", + " muskellunge (Esox masquinongy), by dragging its catch with talons and pull toward\n", + " ashore. Much larger marine fish such as Pacific halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis)\n", + " and lemon sharks (Negaprion brevirostris) have been recorded among bald eagle prey\n", + " though probably are only taken as young, as small, newly mature fish, or as carrion.\n", + " Benthic fishes such as catfish are usually consumed after they die and float to the\n", + " surface, though while temporarily swimming in the open may be more vulnerable to\n", + " predation than most fish since their eyes focus downwards. Bald eagles also\n", + " regularly exploit water turbines which produce battered, stunned or dead fish easily\n", + " consumed. Predators who leave behind scraps of dead fish that they kill, such as\n", + " brown bears (Ursus arctos), gray wolves (Canis lupus) and red foxes (Vulpes vulpes),\n", + " may be habitually followed in order to scavenge the kills secondarily. Once North\n", + " Pacific salmon die off after spawning, usually local bald eagles eat salmon\n", + " carcasses almost exclusively. Eagles in Washington need to consume 489 g (1.078 lb)\n", + " of fish each day for survival, with adults generally consuming more than juveniles\n", + " and thus reducing potential energy deficiency and increasing survival during winter.\n", + " Behind fish, the next most significant prey base for bald eagles are other\n", + " waterbirds. The contribution of such birds to the eagle's diet is variable,\n", + " depending on the quantity and availability of fish near the water's surface.\n", + " Waterbirds can seasonally comprise from 7% to 80% of the prey selection for eagles\n", + " in certain localities. Overall, birds are the most diverse group in the bald eagle's\n", + " prey spectrum, with 200 prey species recorded. Bird species most preferred as prey\n", + " by eagles tend to be medium-sized, such as western grebes (Aechmophorus\n", + " occidentalis), mallards (Anas platyrhynchos), and American coots (Fulica americana)\n", + " as such prey is relatively easy for the much larger eagles to catch and fly with.\n", + " American herring gull (Larus smithsonianus) are the favored avian prey species for\n", + " eagles living around Lake Superior. Black ducks (Anas rubripes), common eiders\n", + " (Somateria mollissima), and double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus) are\n", + " also frequently taken in coastal Maine and velvet scoter (Melanitta fusca) was\n", + " dominant prey in San Miguel Island. Due to easy accessibility and lack of\n", + " formidable nest defense against eagles by such species, bald eagles are capable of\n", + " preying on such seabirds at all ages, from eggs to mature adults, and they can\n", + " effectively cull large portions of a colony. Along some portions of the North\n", + " Pacific coastline, bald eagles which had historically preyed mainly kelp-dwelling\n", + " fish and supplementally sea otter (Enhydra lutris) pups are now preying mainly on\n", + " seabird colonies since both the fish (possibly due to overfishing) and otters (cause\n", + " unknown) have had steep population declines, causing concern for seabird\n", + " conservation. Because of this more extensive predation, some biologist has expressed\n", + " concern that murres are heading for a \"conservation collision\" due to heavy eagle\n", + " predation. Eagles have been confirmed to attack nocturnally active, burrow-nesting\n", + " seabird species such as storm petrels and shearwaters by digging out their burrows\n", + " and feeding on all animals they find inside. If a bald eagle flies close by,\n", + " waterbirds will often fly away en masse, though they may seemingly ignore a perched\n", + " eagle in other cases. when the birds fly away from a colony, this exposes their\n", + " unprotected eggs and nestlings to scavengers such as gulls. While they usually\n", + " target small to medium-sized seabirds, larger seabirds such as great black-backed\n", + " gulls (Larus marinus) and northern gannets (Morus bassanus) and brown pelicans\n", + " (Pelecanus occidentalis) of all ages can successfully be taken by bald eagles.\n", + " Similarly, large waterbirds are occasionally killed. Geese such as wintering emperor\n", + " geese (Chen canagica) and snow geese (C. caerulescens), which gather in large\n", + " groups, sometimes becoming regular prey. Smaller Ross's geese (Anser rossii) are\n", + " also taken, as well as large-sized Canada geese (Branta canadensis). Predation on\n", + " the largest subspecies (Branta canadensis maxima) has been reported. Other large\n", + " waterbird prey include common loons (Gavia immer) of all ages. Large wading birds\n", + " can also fall prey to bald eagles. For the great blue herons (Ardea herodias), bald\n", + " eagles are their only serious enemies of all ages. Slightly larger Sandhill cranes\n", + " (Grus canadensis) can be taken as well. While adult whooping cranes (Grus americana)\n", + " are too large and formidable, their chicks can fall prey to bald eagles. They even\n", + " occasionally prey on adult tundra swans (Cygnus columbianus). Young trumpeter swans\n", + " (Cygnus buccinator) are also taken, and an unsuccessful attack on an adult swan has\n", + " been photographed. Bald eagles have been occasionally recorded as killing other\n", + " raptors. In some cases, these may be attacks of competition or kleptoparasitism on\n", + " rival species but end with the consumption of the dead victims. Nine species of\n", + " other accipitrids and owls are known to have been preyed upon by bald eagles. Owl\n", + " prey species have ranged in size from western screech-owls (Megascops kennicotti) to\n", + " snowy owls (Bubo scandiacus). Larger diurnal raptors known to have fallen victim to\n", + " bald eagles have included red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis), peregrine falcons\n", + " (Falco peregrinus), northern goshawks (Accipiter gentilis), ospreys (Pandion\n", + " haliaetus) and black (Coragyps atratus) and turkey vultures (Cathartes aura).\n", + " Mammalian preys are generally less frequently taken than fish or avian prey.\n", + " However, in some regions, such as landlocked areas of North America, wintering bald\n", + " eagles may become habitual predators of medium-sized mammals that occur in colonies\n", + " or local concentrations, such as prairie dogs (Cynomys sp.) and jackrabbits (Lepus\n", + " sp.). Bald eagles in Seedskadee National Wildlife Refuge often hunt in pair to catch\n", + " cottontails, jackrabbits and prairie dogs. They can attack and prey on rabbits and\n", + " hares of nearly any size, from marsh rabbits (Sylvilagus palustris) to black and\n", + " white-tailed jackrabbits (Lepus californicus & L. townsendii), and Arctic hares\n", + " (Lepus arcticus). In San Luis Valley, white-tailed jackrabbits can be important\n", + " prey. Additionally, rodents such as montane voles (Microtus montanus), brown rats\n", + " (Rattus norvegicus), and various squirrels are taken as supplementary prey. Larger\n", + " rodents such as muskrats (Ondatra zibethicus), young or small adult nutrias\n", + " (Myocastor coypus) and groundhogs (Marmota monax) are also preyed upon. Even\n", + " American porcupines (Erethizon dorsatum) are reportedly attacked and killed. Where\n", + " available, seal colonies can provide a lot of food. On Protection Island,\n", + " Washington, they commonly feed on harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) afterbirths, still-\n", + " borns and sickly seal pups. Similarly, bald eagles in Alaska readily prey on sea\n", + " otter (Enhydra lutris) pups. Small to medium-sized terrestrial mammalian carnivores\n", + " can be taken infrequently. Mustelid including American martens (Martes pennanti),\n", + " American minks (Neogale vison), and larger fisher cats (Pekania pennanti) are known\n", + " to be hunted. Foxes are also taken, including Island foxes ( Urocyon littoralis ),\n", + " Arctic foxes (Vulpes lagopus), and grey foxes (Urocyon cinereoargenteus). Although\n", + " fox farmers claimed that bald eagle heavily prey on young and adult free-range\n", + " Arctic fox, the predation events are sporadic. In one instance, two bald Eagles fed\n", + " upon a red fox (Vulpes vulpes) that had tried to cross a frozen Delaware Lake. Other\n", + " medium-sized carnivorans such as striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis), American hog-\n", + " nosed skunks (Conepatus leuconotus), and common raccoons (Procyon lotor) are taken,\n", + " as well as domestic cats (Felis catus) and dogs (canis familiaris). Other wild\n", + " mammalian prey include fawns of deer such as white-tailed deer (Odocoileus\n", + " virginianus) and Sitka deer (Odocoileus hemionus sitkensis), which weigh around 3 kg\n", + " (6.6 lb) can be taken alive by bald eagles. In one instance, a bald eagle was\n", + " observed carrying 6.8 kg (15 lb) mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) fawn. Additionally,\n", + " Virginia opossums (Didelphis virginiana) can be preyed upon. Still, predation events\n", + " are rare due to their nocturnal habits. Together with the golden eagle, bald eagles\n", + " are occasionally accused of preying on livestock, especially sheep (Ovis aries).\n", + " There are a handful of proven cases of lamb predation, some specimens weighing up to\n", + " 11 kg (24 lb), by bald eagles. Still, they are much less likely to attack a healthy\n", + " lamb than a golden eagle. Both species prefer native, wild prey and are unlikely to\n", + " cause any extensive detriment to human livelihoods. There is one case of a bald\n", + " eagle killing and feeding on an adult, pregnant ewe (then joined in eating the kill\n", + " by at least 3 other eagles), which, weighing on average over 60 kg (130 lb), is much\n", + " larger than any other known prey taken by this species. Supplemental prey is\n", + " readily taken given the opportunity. In some areas, reptiles may become regular\n", + " prey, especially in warm areas such as Florida where reptile diversity is high.\n", + " Turtles are perhaps the most regularly hunted type of reptile. In coastal New\n", + " Jersey, 14 of 20 studied eagle nests included remains of turtles. The main species\n", + " found were common musk turtles (Sternotherus odoratus), diamondback terrapin\n", + " (Malaclemys terrapin) and juvenile common snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina). In\n", + " these New Jersey nests, mainly subadult and small adults were taken, ranging in\n", + " carapace length from 9.2 to 17.1 cm (3.6 to 6.7 in). Similarly, many turtles were\n", + " recorded in the diet in the Chesapeake Bay. In Texas, softshell turtles are the most\n", + " frequently taken prey, and a large number of Barbour's map turtles are taken in\n", + " Torreya State Park. Other reptilian and amphibian prey includes southern alligator\n", + " lizards (Elgaria multicarinata), snakes such as garter snakes and rattlesnakes, and\n", + " Greater siren (Siren lacertina). Invertebrates are occasionally taken. In Alaska,\n", + " eagles feed on sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus sp.), chitons, mussels, and crabs.\n", + " Other various mollusks such as land snails, abalones, bivalves, periwinkles, blue\n", + " mussels, squids, and starfishes are taken as well. When competing for food, eagles\n", + " will usually dominate other fish-eaters and scavengers, aggressively displacing\n", + " mammals such as coyotes (Canis latrans) and foxes, and birds such as corvids, gulls,\n", + " vultures and other raptors. Occasionally, coyotes, bobcats (Lynx rufus) and domestic\n", + " dogs (Canis familiaris) can displace eagles from carrion, usually less confident\n", + " immature birds, as has been recorded in Maine. Bald eagles are less active, bold\n", + " predators than golden eagles and get relatively more of their food as carrion and\n", + " from kleptoparasitism (although it is now generally thought that golden eagles eat\n", + " more carrion than was previously assumed). However, the two species are roughly\n", + " equal in size, aggressiveness and physical strength and so competitions can go\n", + " either way. Neither species is known to be dominant, and the outcome depends on the\n", + " size and disposition of the individual eagles involved. Wintering bald and golden\n", + " eagles in Utah both sometimes won conflicts, though in one recorded instance a\n", + " single bald eagle successfully displaced two consecutive golden eagles from a kill.\n", + " Though bald eagles face few natural threats, an unusual attacker comes in the form\n", + " of the common loon (G. immer), which is also taken by eagles as prey. While common\n", + " loons normally avoid conflict, they are highly territorial and will attack predators\n", + " and competitors by stabbing at them with their knife-like bill; as the range of the\n", + " bald eagle has increased following conservation efforts, these interactions have\n", + " been observed on several occasions, including a fatality of a bald eagle in Maine\n", + " that is presumed to have come about as a result of it attacking a nest, then having\n", + " a fatal puncture wound inflicted by one or both loon parents. The bald eagle is\n", + " thought to be much more numerous in North America than the golden eagle, with the\n", + " bald species estimated to number at least 150,000 individuals, about twice as many\n", + " golden eagles there are estimated to live in North America. Due to this, bald eagles\n", + " often outnumber golden eagles at attractive food sources. Despite the potential for\n", + " contention between these animals, in New Jersey during winter, a golden eagle and\n", + " numerous bald eagles were observed to hunt snow geese alongside each other without\n", + " conflict. Similarly, both eagle species have been recorded, via video-monitoring, to\n", + " feed on gut piles and carcasses of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in\n", + " remote forest clearings in the eastern Appalachian Mountains without apparent\n", + " conflict. Bald eagles are frequently mobbed by smaller raptors, due to their\n", + " infrequent but unpredictable tendency to hunt other birds of prey. Many bald eagles\n", + " are habitual kleptoparasites, especially in winters when fish are harder to come by.\n", + " They have been recorded stealing fish from other predators such as ospreys, herons\n", + " and even otters. They have also been recorded opportunistically pirating birds from\n", + " peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus), prairie dogs from ferruginous hawks (Buteo\n", + " regalis) and even jackrabbits from golden eagles. When they approach scavengers such\n", + " as dogs, gulls or vultures at carrion sites, they often attack them in an attempt to\n", + " force them to disgorge their food. Healthy adult bald eagles are not preyed upon in\n", + " the wild and are thus considered apex predators. Bald eagles are sexually mature at\n", + " four or five years of age. When they are old enough to breed, they often return to\n", + " the area where they were born. Bald eagles have high mate fidelity and generally\n", + " mate for life. However, if one pair member dies or disappears, the survivor will\n", + " choose a new mate. A pair that has repeatedly failed in breeding attempts may split\n", + " and look for new mates. Bald eagle courtship involves elaborate, spectacular calls\n", + " and flight displays by the males. The flight includes swoops, chases, and\n", + " cartwheels, in which they fly high, lock talons, and free-fall, separating just\n", + " before hitting the ground. Usually, a territory defended by a mature pair will be 1\n", + " to 2 km (0.62 to 1.24 mi) of waterside habitat. Compared to most other raptors,\n", + " which mostly nest in April or May, bald eagles are early breeders: nest building or\n", + " reinforcing is often by mid-February, egg laying is often late February (sometimes\n", + " during deep snow in the North), and incubation is usually mid-March and early May.\n", + " Eggs hatch from mid-April to early May, and the young fledge from late June to early\n", + " July. The nest is the largest of any bird in North America; it is used repeatedly\n", + " over many years and with new material added each year may eventually be as large as\n", + " 4 m (13 ft) deep, 2.5 m (8.2 ft) across and weigh 1 metric ton (1.1 short tons). One\n", + " nest in Florida was found to be 6.1 m (20 ft) deep, 2.9 meters (9.5 ft) across, and\n", + " to weigh 3 short tons (2.7 metric tons). This nest is on record as the largest tree\n", + " nest ever recorded for any animal. Usually nests are used for under five years, as\n", + " they either collapse in storms or break the branches supporting them by their sheer\n", + " weight. However, one nest in the Midwest was occupied continuously for at least 34\n", + " years. The nest is built of branches, usually in large trees found near water. When\n", + " breeding where there are no trees, the bald eagle will nest on the ground, as has\n", + " been recorded largely in areas largely isolated from terrestrial predators, such as\n", + " Amchitka Island in Alaska. In Sonora, Mexico, eagles have been observed nesting on\n", + " top of hecho catcuses (Pachycereus pectin-aboriginum). Nests located on cliffs and\n", + " rock pinnacles have been reported historically in California, Kansas, Nevada, New\n", + " Mexico and Utah, but currently are only verified to occur only in Alaska and\n", + " Arizona. The eggs average about 73 mm (2.9 in) long, ranging from 58 to 85 mm (2.3\n", + " to 3.3 in), and have a breadth of 54 mm (2.1 in), ranging from 47 to 63 mm (1.9 to\n", + " 2.5 in). Eggs in Alaska averaged 130 g (4.6 oz) in mass, while in Saskatchewan they\n", + " averaged 114.4 g (4.04 oz). As with their ultimate body size, egg size tends to\n", + " increase with distance from the equator. Eagles produce between one and three eggs\n", + " per year, two being typical. Rarely, four eggs have been found in nests, but these\n", + " may be exceptional cases of polygyny. Eagles in captivity have been capable of\n", + " producing up to seven eggs. It is rare for all three chicks to successfully reach\n", + " the fledgling stage. The oldest chick often bears the advantage of a larger size and\n", + " louder voice, which tends to draw the parents' attention towards it. Occasionally,\n", + " as is recorded in many large raptorial birds, the oldest sibling sometimes attacks\n", + " and kills its younger sibling(s), especially early in the nesting period when their\n", + " sizes are most different. However, nearly half of the known bald eagles produce two\n", + " fledglings (more rarely three), unlike in some other \"eagle\" species such as some in\n", + " the genus Aquila, in which a second fledgling is typically observed in less than 20%\n", + " of nests, despite two eggs typically being laid. Both the male and female take turns\n", + " incubating the eggs, but the female does most of the sitting. The parent not\n", + " incubating will hunt for food or look for nesting material during this stage. For\n", + " the first two to three weeks of the nestling period, at least one adult is at the\n", + " nest almost 100% of the time. After five to six weeks, the attendance of parents\n", + " usually drops off considerably (with the parents often perching in trees nearby). A\n", + " young eaglet can gain up to 170 g (6.0 oz) a day, the fastest growth rate of any\n", + " North American bird. The young eaglets pick up and manipulate sticks, play tug of\n", + " war with each other, practice holding things in their talons, and stretch and flap\n", + " their wings. By eight weeks, the eaglets are strong enough to flap their wings, lift\n", + " their feet off the nest platform, and rise in the air. The young fledge at anywhere\n", + " from 8 to 14 weeks of age, though will remain close to the nest and be attended to\n", + " by their parents for a further 6 weeks. Juvenile eagles first start dispersing away\n", + " from their parents about 8 weeks after they fledge. Variability in departure date\n", + " related to effects of sex and hatching order on growth and development. For the next\n", + " four years, immature eagles wander widely in search of food until they attain adult\n", + " plumage and are eligible to reproduce. Male eagles have been observed killing and\n", + " cannibalizing their chicks. In 2024 at the National Conservation Training Center in\n", + " West Virginia, the NCTC's Eagle Cam recorded two bald eagle chicks being attacked\n", + " and devoured by their father as soon as the mother departed from the nest. The NCTC\n", + " noted in its statement on the incident that such behavior \"has been observed in\n", + " other nests and is not uncommon in birds of prey.\" On rare occasions, bald eagles\n", + " have been recorded to adopt other raptor fledglings into their nests, as seen in\n", + " 2017 by a pair of eagles in Shoal Harbor Migratory Bird Sanctuary near Sidney,\n", + " British Columbia. The pair of eagles in question are believed to have carried a\n", + " juvenile red-tailed hawk back to their nest, presumably as prey, whereupon the chick\n", + " was accepted into the family by both the parents and the eagles' three nestlings.\n", + " The hawk, nicknamed \"Spunky\" by biologists monitoring the nest, fledged\n", + " successfully. The average lifespan of bald eagles in the wild is around 20 years,\n", + " with the oldest confirmed one having been 38 years of age. In captivity, they often\n", + " live somewhat longer. In one instance, a captive individual in New York lived for\n", + " nearly 50 years. As with size, the average lifespan of an eagle population appears\n", + " to be influenced by its location and access to prey. As they are no longer heavily\n", + " persecuted, adult mortality is quite low. In one study of Florida eagles, adult bald\n", + " eagles reportedly had 100% annual survival rate. In Prince William Sound in Alaska,\n", + " adults had an annual survival rate of 88% even after the Exxon Valdez oil spill\n", + " adversely affected eagles in the area. Of 1,428 individuals from across the range\n", + " necropsied by National Wildlife Health Center from 1963 to 1984, 329 (23%) eagles\n", + " died from trauma, primarily impact with wires and vehicles; 309 (22%) died from\n", + " gunshot; 158 (11%) died from poisoning; 130 (9%) died from electrocution; 68 (5%)\n", + " died from trapping; 110 (8%) from emaciation; and 31 (2%) from disease; cause of\n", + " death was undetermined in 293 (20%) of cases. In this study, 68% of mortality was\n", + " human-caused. Today, eagle-shooting is believed to be considerably reduced due to\n", + " the species' protected status. A U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service study of 1,490 bald\n", + " eagle deaths from 1986 through 2017 in Michigan found that 532 (36%) died due to\n", + " being struck by cars while scavenging roadkill and 176 (12%) died due to lead\n", + " poisoning from ingesting fragments of lead ammo and fishing gear present in carrion,\n", + " with the proportion of both causes of death increasing significantly towards the end\n", + " of the study period. Most non-human-related mortality involves nestlings or eggs.\n", + " Around 50% of eagles survive their first year. However, in the Chesapeake Bay area,\n", + " 100% of 39 radio-tagged nestlings survived to their first year. Nestling or egg\n", + " fatalities may be due to nest collapses, starvation, sibling aggression or inclement\n", + " weather. Another significant cause of egg and nestling mortality is predation. Nest\n", + " predators include large gulls, corvids (including ravens, crows and magpies),\n", + " wolverines (Gulo gulo), fishers (Pekania pennanti), red-tailed hawks, owls, other\n", + " eagles, bobcats, American black bears (Ursus americanus) and raccoons. If food\n", + " access is low, parental attendance at the nest may be lower because both parents may\n", + " have to forage, thus resulting in less protection. Nestlings are usually exempt from\n", + " predation by terrestrial carnivores that are poor tree-climbers, but Arctic foxes\n", + " (Vulpes lagopus) occasionally snatched nestlings from ground nests on Amchitka\n", + " Island in Alaska before they were extirpated from the island. The bald eagle will\n", + " defend its nest fiercely from all comers and has even repelled attacks from bears,\n", + " having been recorded knocking a black bear out of a tree when the latter tried to\n", + " climb a tree holding nestlings. Once a common sight in much of the continent, the\n", + " bald eagle was severely affected in the mid-20th century by a variety of factors,\n", + " among them the thinning of egg shells attributed to use of the pesticide DDT. Bald\n", + " eagles, like many birds of prey, were especially affected by DDT due to\n", + " biomagnification. DDT itself was not lethal to the adult bird, but it interfered\n", + " with their calcium metabolism, making them either sterile or unable to lay healthy\n", + " eggs; many of their eggs were too brittle to withstand the weight of a brooding\n", + " adult, making it nearly impossible for them to hatch. It is estimated that in the\n", + " early 18th century the bald eagle population was 300,000–500,000, but by the 1950s\n", + " there were only 412 nesting pairs in the 48 contiguous states of the US. Other\n", + " factors in bald eagle population reductions were a widespread loss of suitable\n", + " habitat, as well as both legal and illegal shooting. In 1930 a New York City\n", + " ornithologist wrote that in the territory of Alaska in the previous 12 years\n", + " approximately 70,000 bald eagles had been shot. Many of the hunters killed the bald\n", + " eagles under the long-held beliefs that bald eagles grabbed young lambs and even\n", + " children with their talons, yet the birds were innocent of most of these alleged\n", + " acts of predation (lamb predation is rare, human predation is thought to be non-\n", + " existent). Illegal shooting was described as \"the leading cause of direct mortality\n", + " in both adult and immature bald eagles\" by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in\n", + " 1978. Leading causes of death in bald eagles include lead pollution, poisoning,\n", + " collision with motor vehicles, and power-line electrocution. A study published in\n", + " 2022 in the journal Science found that more than half of adult eagles across 38 US\n", + " states suffered from lead poisoning. The primary cause is when eagles scavenge\n", + " carcasses of animals shot by hunters. These are often tainted with lead shotgun\n", + " pellets, rifle rounds, or fishing tackle. The species was first protected in the\n", + " U.S. and Canada by the 1918 Migratory Bird Treaty, later extended to all of North\n", + " America. The Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act, approved by the U.S. Congress in\n", + " 1940, protected the bald eagle and the golden eagle, prohibiting commercial trapping\n", + " and killing of the birds as well as collecting their eggs. The bald eagle was\n", + " declared an endangered species in the U.S. in 1967, and amendments to the 1940 act\n", + " between 1962 and 1972 further restricted commercial uses and increased penalties for\n", + " violators. Perhaps most significant in the species' recovery, in 1972, DDT was\n", + " banned from usage in the United States due to the fact that it inhibited the\n", + " reproduction of many birds. DDT was completely banned in Canada in 1989, though its\n", + " use had been highly restricted since the late 1970s. With regulations in place and\n", + " DDT banned, the eagle population rebounded. The bald eagle can be found in growing\n", + " concentrations throughout the United States and Canada, particularly near large\n", + " bodies of water. In the early 1980s, the estimated total population was 100,000\n", + " individuals, with 110,000–115,000 by 1992; the U.S. state with the largest resident\n", + " population is Alaska, with about 40,000–50,000, with the next highest population the\n", + " Canadian province of British Columbia with 20,000–30,000 in 1992. Obtaining a\n", + " precise count of the bald eagle population is extremely difficult. The most recent\n", + " data submitted by individual states was in 2006, when 9789 breeding pairs were\n", + " reported. For some time, the stronghold breeding population of bald eagles in the\n", + " lower 48 states was in Florida, where over a thousand pairs have held on while\n", + " populations in other states were significantly reduced by DDT use. Today, the\n", + " contiguous state with the largest number of breeding pairs of eagles is Minnesota\n", + " with an estimated 1,312 pairs, surpassing Florida's most recent count of 1,166\n", + " pairs. 23, or nearly half, of the 48 contiguous states now have at least 100\n", + " breeding pairs of bald eagles. In Washington State, there were only 105 occupied\n", + " nests in 1980. That number increased by about 30 per year, so that by 2005 there\n", + " were 840 occupied nests. 2005 was the last year that the Washington Department of\n", + " Fish and Wildlife counted occupied nests. Further population increases in Washington\n", + " may be limited by the availability of late winter food, particularly salmon. The\n", + " bald eagle was officially removed from the U.S. federal government's list of\n", + " endangered species on July 12, 1995, by the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, when it\n", + " was reclassified from \"endangered\" to \"threatened\". On July 6, 1999, a proposal was\n", + " initiated \"To Remove the Bald Eagle in the Lower 48 States From the List of\n", + " Endangered and Threatened Wildlife\". It was de-listed on June 28, 2007. It has also\n", + " been assigned a risk level of least concern category on the IUCN Red List. In the\n", + " Exxon Valdez oil spill of 1989 an estimated 247 were killed in Prince William Sound,\n", + " though the local population returned to its pre-spill level by 1995. In some areas,\n", + " the increase in eagles has led to decreases in other bird populations and the eagles\n", + " may be considered a pest. In December 2016, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service\n", + " proposed extending the permits issued to wind generation companies to allow them to\n", + " kill up to 4,200 bald eagles per year without facing a penalty, four times the\n", + " previous number. The permits would last 30 years, six times the previous 5-year\n", + " term. Permits are required to keep bald eagles in captivity in the United States.\n", + " Permits are primarily issued to public educational institutions, and the eagles that\n", + " they show are permanently injured individuals that cannot be released to the wild.\n", + " The facilities where eagles are kept must be equipped with adequate caging, as well\n", + " as workers experienced in the handling and care of eagles. The bald eagle can be\n", + " long-lived in captivity if well cared for, but does not breed well even under the\n", + " best conditions. In Canada and in England a license is required to keep bald eagles\n", + " for falconry. Bald eagles cannot legally be kept for falconry in the United States,\n", + " but a license may be issued in some jurisdictions to allow use of such eagles in\n", + " birds-of-prey flight shows. The bald eagle is important in various Native American\n", + " cultures and, as the national symbol of the United States, is prominent in seals and\n", + " logos, coinage, postage stamps, and other items relating to the U.S. federal\n", + " government. The bald eagle is a sacred bird in some North American cultures, and\n", + " its feathers, like those of the golden eagle, are central to many religious and\n", + " spiritual customs among Native Americans. Eagles are considered spiritual messengers\n", + " between gods and humans by some cultures. Many pow wow dancers use the eagle claw as\n", + " part of their regalia as well. Eagle feathers are often used in traditional\n", + " ceremonies, particularly in the construction of regalia worn and as a part of fans,\n", + " bustles and head dresses. In the Navajo tradition an eagle feather is represented to\n", + " be a protector, along with the feather Navajo medicine men use the leg and wing\n", + " bones for ceremonial whistles. The Lakota, for instance, give an eagle feather as a\n", + " symbol of honor to person who achieves a task. In modern times, it may be given on\n", + " an event such as a graduation from college. The Pawnee consider eagles as symbols of\n", + " fertility because their nests are built high off the ground and because they\n", + " fiercely protect their young. The Choctaw consider the bald eagle, who has direct\n", + " contact with the upper world of the sun, as a symbol of peace. During the Sun\n", + " Dance, which is practiced by many Plains Indian tribes, the eagle is represented in\n", + " several ways. The eagle nest is represented by the fork of the lodge where the dance\n", + " is held. A whistle made from the wing bone of an eagle is used during the course of\n", + " the dance. Also during the dance, a medicine man may direct his fan, which is made\n", + " of eagle feathers, to people who seek to be healed. The medicine man touches the fan\n", + " to the center pole and then to the patient, in order to transmit power from the pole\n", + " to the patient. The fan is then held up toward the sky, so that the eagle may carry\n", + " the prayers for the sick to the Creator. Current eagle feather law stipulates that\n", + " only individuals of certifiable Native American ancestry enrolled in a federally\n", + " recognized tribe are legally authorized to obtain or possess bald or golden eagle\n", + " feathers for religious or spiritual use. The constitutionality of these laws has\n", + " been questioned by Native American groups on the basis that it violates the First\n", + " Amendment by affecting ability to practice their religion freely. The National\n", + " Eagle Repository, a division of the FWS, exists as a means to receive, process, and\n", + " store bald and golden eagles which are found dead and to distribute the eagles,\n", + " their parts and feathers to federally recognized Native American tribes for use in\n", + " religious ceremonies. The bald eagle is the national symbol of the United States.\n", + " It was adopted as a national emblem in 1782, but not designated the \"national bird\"\n", + " until an act of Congress in December 2024. The founders of the United States were\n", + " fond of comparing their new republic with the Roman Republic, in which eagle imagery\n", + " (usually involving the golden eagle) was prominent. On June 20, 1782, the\n", + " Continental Congress adopted the design for the Great Seal of the United States,\n", + " depicting a bald eagle grasping 13 arrows and an olive branch with thirteen leaves\n", + " with its talons. The bald eagle appears on most official seals of the U.S.\n", + " government, including the presidential seal, the presidential flag, and in the logos\n", + " of many U.S. federal agencies. Between 1916 and 1945, the presidential flag (but not\n", + " the seal) showed an eagle facing to its left (the viewer's right), which gave rise\n", + " to the urban legend that the flag is changed to have the eagle face towards the\n", + " olive branch in peace, and towards the arrows in wartime. Contrary to popular\n", + " legend, there is no evidence that Benjamin Franklin ever publicly supported the wild\n", + " turkey (Meleagris gallopavo), rather than the bald eagle, as a symbol of the United\n", + " States. However, in a letter written to his daughter in 1784 from Paris, criticizing\n", + " the Society of the Cincinnati, he stated his personal distaste for the bald eagle's\n", + " behavior. In the letter Franklin states: For my own part. I wish the bald eagle had\n", + " not been chosen the representative of our country. He is a bird of bad moral\n", + " character. He does not get his living honestly ... besides he is a rank coward: The\n", + " little king bird not bigger than a sparrow attacks him boldly and drives him out of\n", + " the district. Franklin opposed the creation of the Society because he viewed it,\n", + " with its hereditary membership, as a noble order unwelcome in the newly independent\n", + " Republic, contrary to the ideals of Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus, for whom the\n", + " Society was named. His reference to the two kinds of birds is interpreted as a\n", + " satirical comparison between the Society of the Cincinnati and Cincinnatus. Largely\n", + " because of its role as a symbol of the United States, but also because of its being\n", + " a large predator, the bald eagle has many representations in popular culture. In\n", + " film and television depictions the call of the red-tailed hawk, which is much louder\n", + " and more powerful, is often substituted for bald eagles.\n", + "\n", + "In $match_all but not $match_phrase (tokens present but not adjacent):\n", + " [Bald_eagle] Bald eagle\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "# ── $match_all: both tokens present anywhere in body (any order) ─────────────\n", + "response_all = idx.documents.search(\n", + " namespace=NAMESPACE,\n", + " top_k=5,\n", + " score_by=[{\n", + " \"type\": \"dense_vector\",\n", + " \"field\": \"image_embedding\",\n", + " \"values\": query_vector,\n", + " }],\n", + " filter={\"body\": {\"$match_all\": \"prominent crest\"}},\n", + " include_fields=[\"bird_name\", \"body\"],\n", + ")\n", + "\n", + "print('dense_vector image_embedding filter: body $match_all \"prominent crest\"\\n')\n", + "show_results(response_all, \"body\", -1, image_dir=DATA_DIR / \"images\")\n", + "\n", + "# $match_all is broader than $match_phrase — both tokens must appear but\n", + "# need not be adjacent. Expect more results or a different ranking.\n", + "phrase_ids = {d._id for d in response_phrase.matches}\n", + "all_ids = {d._id for d in response_all.matches}\n", + "gained = all_ids - phrase_ids\n", + "if gained:\n", + " print(\"In $match_all but not $match_phrase (tokens present but not adjacent):\")\n", + " for doc in response_all.matches:\n", + " if doc._id in gained:\n", + " print(f\" [{doc._id}] {doc.get('bird_name')}\")" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 60, + "id": "step14-compound", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "dense_vector filter: body $match_phrase \"woody woodpecker\"\n", + " AND body $match_any \"prominent crest\"\n", + "\n", + "Score 0.3905 [Acorn_woodpecker] Acorn woodpecker\n" + ] + }, + { + "data": { + "image/jpeg": 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", + "text/plain": [ + "" + ] + }, + "metadata": { + "image/jpeg": { + "width": 220 + } + }, + "output_type": "display_data" + }, + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + " The acorn woodpecker was formally described in 1827 by the English naturalist\n", + " William Swainson under the binomial name Picus formicivorus from a specimen\n", + " collected in Mexico. The specific epithet combines the Latin formica meaning \"ant\"\n", + " with -vorus meaning \"eating\". The type locality is Temascaltepec in Mexico. The\n", + " acorn woodpecker is one of 24 species now placed in the genus Melanerpes that was\n", + " introduced by Swainson in 1832. Within Melanerpes the acorn woodpecker is sister to\n", + " a clade containing two South American species: the white woodpecker (Melanerpes\n", + " candidus) and the white-fronted woodpecker (Melanerpes cactorum). Seven subspecies\n", + " are recognised: The adult acorn woodpecker has a brownish-black head, back, wings\n", + " and tail, white forehead, throat, belly and rump. The eyes are initially dark in\n", + " fledglings, turning to white within a few months. There is a small part on the small\n", + " of their backs where there are some greenish feathers.[citation needed] The bird is\n", + " mostly black, with adult males have a red cap starting at the forehead, whereas\n", + " females have a black area between the forehead and the cap. The white neck, throat,\n", + " and forehead patches are distinctive identifiers. When flying, they take a few flaps\n", + " of their wings and drop a foot or so. White circles on their wings are visible when\n", + " in flight. Acorn woodpeckers have a call that sounds almost like they are laughing.\n", + " Measurements: The acorn woodpecker's habitat is forested areas with oaks in the\n", + " coastal areas and foothills of Oregon, California, and the southwestern United\n", + " States, south through Central America to Colombia. This species may occur at low\n", + " elevations in the north of its range, but rarely below 1,000 m (3,300 ft) in Central\n", + " America, and it breeds up to the timberline. Nests are excavated in a cavity in a\n", + " dead tree or a dead part of a tree. Acorn woodpeckers are cooperative breeders,\n", + " living and breeding in family groups of up to 15 individuals. Field studies have\n", + " shown that within the same population, groups range from monogamous pairs to\n", + " polygynandrous breeding collectives consisting of coalitions of up to 8 males and 4\n", + " females, along with nonbreeding \"helpers at the nest\" that are offspring from prior\n", + " breeding events. Regardless of composition, all breeder males (who are usually\n", + " brothers or fathers and their sons) compete for matings with all breeder females\n", + " (who are sisters or a mother and her daughter), the latter of which lay their eggs\n", + " communally in the same nest cavity. There is considerable variability within and\n", + " among populations, suggesting extraordinary social plasticity. Cooperative breeding,\n", + " defined as more than two birds taking care of nestlings in the nest, is a relatively\n", + " rare evolutionary trait that is thought to occur in only nine percent of bird\n", + " species. Most cooperative breeding species have helpers at the nest, but acorn\n", + " woodpeckers are unusual in exhibiting both helping at the nest and cooperative\n", + " polygamy (polygynandry). It is generally believed that limited territories are a key\n", + " driver of cooperative breeding behavior in birds, and in the case of the acorn\n", + " woodpecker, the availability of acorn storage granaries (see below) is a key limited\n", + " resource. Breeding coalitions consist of up to eight cobreeding males and up to\n", + " four joint-nesting females. However, most nests consist of only a single breeder\n", + " female and 1 to 3 cobreeder males. Nesting groups can also contain up to ten\n", + " offspring helpers. As mentioned above, the breeder males are often brothers, and the\n", + " females are usually sisters. However, reproductive vacancies—formed when all the\n", + " breeders of one sex die—are filled by unrelated birds from elsewhere, so inbreeding\n", + " is rare, despite the high degree of relatedness among most group members. In groups\n", + " with more than one breeding female, the females lay their eggs in a single nest\n", + " cavity. A female usually destroys any eggs in the nest before she starts to lay.\n", + " Once all the females start to lay, they stop removing eggs. Although multiple\n", + " paternity and maternity are common within groups containing multiple cobreeders, no\n", + " extra-group paternity has been detected. Acorn woodpeckers, as their name implies,\n", + " depend heavily on acorns for food. Acorns are such an important resource to the\n", + " California populations that acorn woodpeckers may nest in the fall to take advantage\n", + " of the fall acorn crop, a rare behavior in birds. Acorns are stored in small holes\n", + " drilled especially for this purpose in \"granaries\" or \"storage trees\"—usually snags,\n", + " dead branches, utility poles, or wooden buildings. Storage holes—always in dead\n", + " tissue such as bark or dead limbs—are used year after year, and granaries can\n", + " consist of thousands of holes, each of which may be filled by an acorn in the\n", + " autumn. Access to acorn crops influences the composition of acorn woodpecker\n", + " communities. In one study in Old Mexico, there were about 90% of non-breeding adults\n", + " per social unit in 1976, a year of a poor acorn crop. The following year, 1977,\n", + " there was a significant increase in acorn production and a correlating decrease in\n", + " non-breeding adults per unit. Although acorns are an important back-up food\n", + " resource, acorn woodpeckers primarily feed on insects, sap, and fruit. They can be\n", + " seen sallying from tree limbs to catch insects, eating fruit and seeds, and drilling\n", + " holes to drink sap. The woodpeckers then collect acorns and find a hole that is\n", + " just the right size for the acorn. As acorns dry out, they are moved to smaller\n", + " holes and granary maintenance requires a significant amount of the bird's time. The\n", + " acorns are visible, and a group defends its granary against potential cache robbers\n", + " like Steller's jays and western scrub-jays. In some more tropical parts of its\n", + " range the acorn woodpecker does not construct a \"granary tree\", but instead stores\n", + " acorns in natural holes and cracks in bark. If the acorn crop is poor and birds\n", + " cannot find enough to store, the woodpeckers will move to other areas over the\n", + " winter. Acorn woodpeckers, like many other species, are threatened by habitat loss\n", + " and degradation. Competition for nest cavities by non-native species is an ongoing\n", + " threat in urbanized areas. Conservation of this species is dependent on the\n", + " maintenance of functional ecosystems that provide the full range of resources upon\n", + " which the species depends. These include mature forests with oaks capable of\n", + " producing large mast crops and places for the woodpeckers to nest, roost, and store\n", + " mast. Residents are encouraged to preserve mature oak and pine-oak stands of trees\n", + " and to provide dead limbs and snags for nesting, roosting, and granary sites to help\n", + " preserve the acorn woodpecker's population. Walter Lantz is believed to have\n", + " patterned the call of his cartoon character Woody Woodpecker on that of the acorn\n", + " woodpecker, while patterning his appearance on that of the pileated woodpecker,\n", + " which has a prominent crest.\n", + "\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "# ── Compound filter: phrase in body AND token match in intro ─────────────────\n", + "# Logical operators ($and, $or) compose filter clauses across fields.\n", + "response_compound = idx.documents.search(\n", + " namespace=NAMESPACE,\n", + " top_k=5,\n", + " score_by=[{\n", + " \"type\": \"dense_vector\",\n", + " \"field\": \"image_embedding\",\n", + " \"values\": query_vector,\n", + " }],\n", + " filter={\n", + " \"$and\": [\n", + " {\"body\": {\"$match_phrase\": \"woody woodpecker\"}},\n", + " {\"body\": {\"$match_any\": \"prominent crest\"}},\n", + " ]\n", + " },\n", + " include_fields=[\"bird_name\", \"intro\", \"body\"],\n", + ")\n", + "\n", + "print('dense_vector filter: body $match_phrase \"woody woodpecker\"')\n", + "print(' AND body $match_any \"prominent crest\"\\n')\n", + "show_results(response_compound, \"body\", -1, image_dir=DATA_DIR / \"images\")" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "id": "dcb3e7bd", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## 17. Cleanup\n", + "\n", + "Delete the index and all its data when you're done exploring. This is\n", + "irreversible — re-run section 2 to recreate and repopulate it." + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": null, + "id": "337bc8f8", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [], + "source": [ + "pc.preview.indexes.delete(INDEX_NAME)\n", + "print(f\"Deleted index '{INDEX_NAME}'\")" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "id": "summary", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Summary\n", + "\n", + "This notebook covered Pinecone Full-Text Search end-to-end:\n", + "\n", + "- **Token and field search** — `type:text` and `type:query_string` for single-term, multi-term OR/AND/NOT, and cross-field queries\n", + "- **Lucene query syntax** — exact phrases, proximity slop, boosting, regex, and phrase prefix\n", + "- **Hybrid ranking** — combining dense vector similarity with text-match filters (`$match_phrase`, `$match_all`, `$match_any`)\n", + "\n", + "**Next steps:**\n", + "\n", + "- [Full-text search guide](https://docs.pinecone.io/guides/search/full-text-search) — full API reference and supported Lucene syntax\n", + "- [Bird Search web app](https://github.com/pinecone-io/bird-search-v2) - a Streamlit app to run in the browser" + ] + } + ], + "metadata": { + "colab": { + "provenance": [] + }, + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": ".venv", + "language": "python", + "name": "python3" + }, + "language_info": { + "codemirror_mode": { + "name": "ipython", + "version": 3 + }, + "file_extension": ".py", + "mimetype": "text/x-python", + "name": "python", + "nbconvert_exporter": "python", + "pygments_lexer": "ipython3", + "version": "3.12.9" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 5 +}