Merge pull request #9 from fhdsl/Season_5

update

Author: caalo

01-Fundamentals.qmd

@@ -220,6 +220,16 @@ You can add more key-value pairs via `my_dict[new_key] = new_value` syntax. If t
 sentiment['dog'] = 5
 ```
 
+### Dictionary vs. List
+
+Both data types help you organize values, and they differ how you access the values. You access a list's values via a numerical index, and you access a dictionary's values via a key.
+
+![](https://open.oregonstate.education/app/uploads/sites/6/2016/10/II.8_1_dict_list_indices_values.png#fixme)
+
+![](https://open.oregonstate.education/app/uploads/sites/6/2016/10/II.8_2_dict_keys_values.png#fixme)
+
+Source: <https://open.oregonstate.education/computationalbiology/chapter/dictionaries/>
+
 ### Application for Data Cleaning
 
 Suppose that you want to do some data recoding. You want to look at the "case_control" column of `simple_df` and change "case" to "experiment" and "control" to "baseline". This correspondence relationship can be stored in a dictionary. You can use the `.replace()` method for Series objects with a dictionary as an input argument.
@@ -314,21 +324,3 @@ isinstance(simple_df, list)
 ## Exercises
 
 Exercise for week 1 can be found [here](https://colab.research.google.com/drive/1nskVV4XFDVjkN_6OIQJDtDettOEr-n5W?usp=sharing).
-
-## Appendix: Why Dictionaries?
-
-If we didn't have a tool such as Dictionary, we could have tried to implement the following via Pandas Dataframes:
-
-```{python}
-sentiment_df = pd.DataFrame(data={'word': ["happy", "sad", "joy", "embarrassed", "restless", "apathetic", "calm"],
-                                  'sentiment': [8, 2, 7.5, 3.6, 4.1, 3.8, 7]})
-sentiment_df
-```
-
-But to access a word's sentiment value, you have to write a complex syntax:
-
-```{python}
-sentiment_df.loc[sentiment_df.word == "joy", "sentiment"]
-```
-
-Besides the cumbersome syntax, it is not very fast: the program has to find which row "joy" is at. Whereas, in the dictionary data structure, the lookup is immediate. The time it takes for dictionary to take a key and retrieve a value *does not depend on the size of the dictionary,* whereas it does for the Dataframe implementation.

02-Iteration.qmd

@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ It turns out that we can iterate over *many* types of data structures in Python.
 
 -   DataFrame
 
--   Ranges (to be introduced in exercises)
+-   Ranges
 
 -   Dictionary
 
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ for rate in heartrates:
   print("Current heartrate:", rate)
 ```
 
-Here is what the Python interpretor is doing:
+Here is what the Python interpreter is doing:
 
 1.  Assign `heartrates` as a list.
 2.  Enter For-Loop: `rate` is assigned to the next element of `heartrates`. If it is the first time, `rate` is assigned as the first element of `heartrates`.
@@ -142,110 +142,83 @@ Let's see this example step by step:
 
 If it doesn't load properly, here is the [link](https://pythontutor.com/render.html#code=import%20math%0Aheartrates%20%3D%20%5B68,%2054,%2072,%2066,%2090,%20102,%2049%5D%0Aprint%28%22Before%3A%22,%20heartrates%29%0A%0Afor%20index,%20m%20in%20enumerate%28heartrates%29%3A%0A%20%20print%28%22Index%3A%22,%20index,%20%22%20%20%20m%3A%22,%20m%29%0A%20%20heartrates%5Bindex%5D%20%3D%20math.log%28m%29%0A%20%20%23heartrates%5Bindex%5D%20%3D%20math.log%28heartrates%5Bindex%5D%29%20%23this%20is%20okay%20also.%0A%20%20%0Aprint%28%22After%3A%22,%20heartrates%29&cumulative=false&curInstr=0&heapPrimitives=nevernest&mode=display&origin=opt-frontend.js&py=311&rawInputLstJSON=%5B%5D&textReferences=false).
 
-## Conditional Statements
+## For-Loops on other iterable data structures
 
-As we iterate through values in a data structure, it is quite common to want to have your code do different things depending on the value. For instance, suppose you are recoding `heartrates`, and the numerical values should be "low" if it is between 0 and 60, "medium" if it is between 60 and 100, "high" if it is above 100, and "unknown" otherwise (when it is below 0 or other data type).
+### Tuple
 
-Stepping back, we have been working with a *linear* way of executing code - we have unconditionally executing every line of code in our program. Here, we are create a "control flow" via **conditional statements** in which the your code will run a certain section *if* some conditions are met.
+You can loop through a Tuple just like you did with a List, but remember that you can't modify it!
 
-Here is how the syntax looks like for conditional statements:
+### String
 
-```         
-if <expression1>:
-    block of code 1
-elif <expression2>:
-    block of code 2
-else:
-    block of code 3
-
-block of code 4    
-```
+You can loop through a String by iterating on each letter within the String.
 
-There are three possible ways the code can run:
+```{python}
+message = "I am hungry"
+for text in message:
+  print(text)
+```
 
-1.  If `<expression1>` is evaluated as `True`, then `block of code 1` will be run. When done, it will continue to `block of code 4`.
-2.  If `<expression1>` is evaluated as `False`, then it will ask if `<expression2>` is `True` or not. If `True`, then `block of code 2` will be run. When done, it will continue to `block of code 4`.
-3.  If `<expression1>` and `<expression2>` are both evaluated as `False`, then `block of code 3` is run. When done, it will continue to `block of code 4`.
+However, Strings are **immutable**, similar to Tuples. So if you iterate via `enumerate()`, you won't be able to modify the original String.
 
-An important takeaway is that *only one block of code can be run*.
+### Dictionary
 
-Let's see how this apply to the data recoding example. Let's just assume the data we want to recode is just a single value in a variable `rate`, not the entire list `heartrates`:
+When you loop through a Dictionary, you loop through the Keys of the Dictionary:
 
 ```{python}
-rate = heartrates[0]
-print(rate)
-
-if rate > 0 and rate <= 60:
-  rate = "low"
-elif rate > 60 and rate <= 100:
-  rate = "medium"
-elif rate > 100:
-  rate = "high"
-else:
-  rate = "unknown"
-  
-print(rate)
+sentiment = {'happy': 8, 'sad': 2, 'joy': 7.5, 'embarrassed': 3.6, 'restless': 4.1, 'apathetic': 3.8, 'calm': 7}
+for key in sentiment:
+  print("key:", key)
 ```
 
-You don't always need multiple `if`, `elif`, `else` statements when writing conditional statements. In its simplest form, a conditional statement requires only an `if` clause:
+The `.items()` method for Dictionary is similar to the `enumerate()` function: it returns a list of tuples, and within each tuple the first element is a key, and the second element is a value.
 
 ```{python}
-x = -12
+sentiment.items()
+```
 
-if x < 0:
-  x = x * -1
-  
-print(x)
+```{python}
+for key, value in sentiment.items():
+  print(key, "corresponds to ", value)
 ```
 
-Then, you can add an `elif` or `else` statement, if you like. Here's `if`-`elif`:
+### Ranges
 
-```{python}
-x = .25
+**Ranges** are a collection of sequential numbers, such as:
 
-if x < 0:
-  x = x * -1
-elif x >= 0 and x < 1:
-  x = 1 / x
-  
-print(x)
+-    1, 2, 3, 4, 5
 
-```
+-   1, 3, 5
 
-Here's `if`-`else`. The `in` statement asks whether an element (102) is found in an iterable data structure `heartrates`, and returns `True` if so:
+-   10, 15, 20, 25, 30
 
-```{python}
-if 102 in heartrates:
-  print("Found 102.")
-else:
-  print("Did not find 102.")
-```
+It seems natural to treat Ranges as Lists, but the neat thing about them is that only the bare minimum information is stored: the start, end, and step size. This could be a huge reduction in memory...if you need a sequence of numbers between 1 and 1 million, you can either store all 1 million values in a list, or you can just have a Range that holds the start: 1, the end: 1 million, and the step size: 1. That's a big difference!
 
-Finally, let's put the data recoding example within a For-Loop:
+You can create a Range via the following ways:
 
-```{python}
-heartrates = [68, 54, 72, 66, 90, 102]
+-   `range(stop)` which starts at 0 and ends in `stop` - 1.
+
+-   `range(start, stop)` which starts at `start` and ends in `stop` - 1
+
+-   `range(start, stop, step)` which starts at `start` and ends in `stop` - 1, with a step size of `step`.
+
+When you create a Range object, it just tells you what the input values you gave it.
 
-for index, rate in enumerate(heartrates):
-  if rate > 0 and rate <= 60:
-    heartrates[index] = "low"
-  elif rate > 60 and rate <= 100:
-    heartrates[index] = "medium"
-  elif rate > 100:
-    heartrates[index] = "high"
-  else:
-    heartrates[index] = "unknown"
-    
-print(heartrates)
+```{python}
+range(5, 50, 5)
 ```
 
-Let's see this in action step by step:
+Convert to a list to see its actual values:
 
-<iframe width="800" height="500" frameborder="0" src="https://pythontutor.com/iframe-embed.html#code=heartrates%20%3D%20%5B68,%2054,%2072,%2066,%2090,%20102%5D%0A%0Afor%20index,%20rate%20in%20enumerate%28heartrates%29%3A%0A%20%20if%20rate%20%3E%200%20and%20rate%20%3C%3D%2060%3A%0A%20%20%20%20heartrates%5Bindex%5D%20%3D%20%22low%22%0A%20%20elif%20rate%20%3E%2060%20and%20rate%20%3C%3D%20100%3A%0A%20%20%20%20heartrates%5Bindex%5D%20%3D%20%22medium%22%0A%20%20elif%20rate%20%3E%20100%3A%0A%20%20%20%20heartrates%5Bindex%5D%20%3D%20%22high%22%0A%20%20else%3A%0A%20%20%20%20heartrates%5Bindex%5D%20%3D%20%22unknown%22%0A%20%20%20%20%0Aprint%28heartrates%29&amp;codeDivHeight=400&amp;codeDivWidth=350&amp;cumulative=false&amp;curInstr=0&amp;heapPrimitives=nevernest&amp;origin=opt-frontend.js&amp;py=311&amp;rawInputLstJSON=%5B%5D&amp;textReferences=false">
+```{python}
+list(range(5, 50, 5))
+```
 
-</iframe>
+To use Ranges in a For-Loop, it's straightforward:
 
-If it doesn't load properly, you can find it [here](https://pythontutor.com/render.html#code=heartrates%20%3D%20%5B68,%2054,%2072,%2066,%2090,%20102%5D%0A%0Afor%20index,%20rate%20in%20enumerate%28heartrates%29%3A%0A%20%20if%20rate%20%3E%200%20and%20rate%20%3C%3D%2060%3A%0A%20%20%20%20heartrates%5Bindex%5D%20%3D%20%22low%22%0A%20%20elif%20rate%20%3E%2060%20and%20rate%20%3C%3D%20100%3A%0A%20%20%20%20heartrates%5Bindex%5D%20%3D%20%22medium%22%0A%20%20elif%20rate%20%3E%20100%3A%0A%20%20%20%20heartrates%5Bindex%5D%20%3D%20%22high%22%0A%20%20else%3A%0A%20%20%20%20heartrates%5Bindex%5D%20%3D%20%22unknown%22%0A%20%20%20%20%0Aprint%28heartrates%29&cumulative=false&curInstr=0&heapPrimitives=nevernest&mode=display&origin=opt-frontend.js&py=311&rawInputLstJSON=%5B%5D&textReferences=false)
+```{python}
+for i in range(5, 50, 5):
+  print(i)
+```
 
 ## Exercises
 

03-Conditionals.qmd

@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+# Conditional Statements
+
+As we develop more complex code, it is quite common to want to have your code do different things depending on the value. For instance, suppose you are recoding `heartrates`, and the numerical values should be "low" if it is between 0 and 60, "medium" if it is between 60 and 100, "high" if it is above 100, and "unknown" otherwise (when it is below 0 or other data type).
+
+Stepping back, we have been working with a *linear* way of executing code - we have unconditionally executing every line of code in our program. Here, we are create a "control flow" via **conditional statements** in which the your code will run a certain section *if* some conditions are met.
+
+Here is how the syntax looks like for conditional statements:
+
+```         
+if <expression1>:
+    block of code 1
+elif <expression2>:
+    block of code 2
+else:
+    block of code 3
+
+block of code 4    
+```
+
+There are three possible ways the code can run:
+
+1.  If `<expression1>` is evaluated as `True`, then `block of code 1` will be run. When done, it will continue to `block of code 4`.
+2.  If `<expression1>` is evaluated as `False`, then it will ask if `<expression2>` is `True` or not. If `True`, then `block of code 2` will be run. When done, it will continue to `block of code 4`.
+3.  If `<expression1>` and `<expression2>` are both evaluated as `False`, then `block of code 3` is run. When done, it will continue to `block of code 4`.
+
+An important takeaway is that *only one block of code can be run*.
+
+Let's see how this apply to the data recoding example. Let's just assume the data we want to recode is just a single value in a variable `rate`, not the entire list `heartrates`:
+
+```{python}
+heartrates = [68, 54, 72, 66, 90, 102, 49]
+
+rate = heartrates[0]
+print(rate)
+
+if rate > 0 and rate <= 60:
+  rate = "low"
+elif rate > 60 and rate <= 100:
+  rate = "medium"
+elif rate > 100:
+  rate = "high"
+else:
+  rate = "unknown"
+  
+print(rate)
+```
+
+You don't always need multiple `if`, `elif`, `else` statements when writing conditional statements. In its simplest form, a conditional statement requires only an `if` clause:
+
+```{python}
+x = -12
+
+if x < 0:
+  x = x * -1
+  
+print(x)
+```
+
+Then, you can add an `elif` or `else` statement, if you like. Here's `if`-`elif`:
+
+```{python}
+x = .25
+
+if x < 0:
+  x = x * -1
+elif x >= 0 and x < 1:
+  x = 1 / x
+  
+print(x)
+
+```
+
+Here's `if`-`else`. The `in` statement asks whether an element (102) is found in an iterable data structure `heartrates`, and returns `True` if so:
+
+```{python}
+if 102 in heartrates:
+  print("Found 102.")
+else:
+  print("Did not find 102.")
+```
+
+Finally, let's put the data recoding example within a For-Loop:
+
+```{python}
+heartrates = [68, 54, 72, 66, 90, 102]
+
+for index, rate in enumerate(heartrates):
+  if rate > 0 and rate <= 60:
+    heartrates[index] = "low"
+  elif rate > 60 and rate <= 100:
+    heartrates[index] = "medium"
+  elif rate > 100:
+    heartrates[index] = "high"
+  else:
+    heartrates[index] = "unknown"
+    
+print(heartrates)
+```
+
+Let's see this in action step by step:
+
+<iframe width="800" height="500" frameborder="0" src="https://pythontutor.com/iframe-embed.html#code=heartrates%20%3D%20%5B68,%2054,%2072,%2066,%2090,%20102%5D%0A%0Afor%20index,%20rate%20in%20enumerate%28heartrates%29%3A%0A%20%20if%20rate%20%3E%200%20and%20rate%20%3C%3D%2060%3A%0A%20%20%20%20heartrates%5Bindex%5D%20%3D%20%22low%22%0A%20%20elif%20rate%20%3E%2060%20and%20rate%20%3C%3D%20100%3A%0A%20%20%20%20heartrates%5Bindex%5D%20%3D%20%22medium%22%0A%20%20elif%20rate%20%3E%20100%3A%0A%20%20%20%20heartrates%5Bindex%5D%20%3D%20%22high%22%0A%20%20else%3A%0A%20%20%20%20heartrates%5Bindex%5D%20%3D%20%22unknown%22%0A%20%20%20%20%0Aprint%28heartrates%29&amp;codeDivHeight=400&amp;codeDivWidth=350&amp;cumulative=false&amp;curInstr=0&amp;heapPrimitives=nevernest&amp;origin=opt-frontend.js&amp;py=311&amp;rawInputLstJSON=%5B%5D&amp;textReferences=false">
+
+</iframe>
+
+If it doesn't load properly, you can find it [here](https://pythontutor.com/render.html#code=heartrates%20%3D%20%5B68,%2054,%2072,%2066,%2090,%20102%5D%0A%0Afor%20index,%20rate%20in%20enumerate%28heartrates%29%3A%0A%20%20if%20rate%20%3E%200%20and%20rate%20%3C%3D%2060%3A%0A%20%20%20%20heartrates%5Bindex%5D%20%3D%20%22low%22%0A%20%20elif%20rate%20%3E%2060%20and%20rate%20%3C%3D%20100%3A%0A%20%20%20%20heartrates%5Bindex%5D%20%3D%20%22medium%22%0A%20%20elif%20rate%20%3E%20100%3A%0A%20%20%20%20heartrates%5Bindex%5D%20%3D%20%22high%22%0A%20%20else%3A%0A%20%20%20%20heartrates%5Bindex%5D%20%3D%20%22unknown%22%0A%20%20%20%20%0Aprint%28heartrates%29&cumulative=false&curInstr=0&heapPrimitives=nevernest&mode=display&origin=opt-frontend.js&py=311&rawInputLstJSON=%5B%5D&textReferences=false)
+
+## Exercises
+
+Exercise for week 3 can be found [here](https://colab.research.google.com/drive/1kPVyALVVn7__x0q6kfE9PKRpGNQgtu0a?usp=sharing).

03-Functions.qmd 04-Functions.qmd03-Functions.qmd renamed to 04-Functions.qmd

@@ -18,9 +18,10 @@ book:
     - index.qmd
     - 01-Fundamentals.qmd
     - 02-Iteration.qmd
-    - 03-Functions.qmd
-    - 04-Iteration_Styles.qmd
-    - 05-Reference_vs_Copy.qmd
+    - 03-Conditionals.qmd
+    - 04-Functions.qmd
+    - 05-Iteration_Styles.qmd
+    - 06-Reference_vs_Copy.qmd
     - references.qmd
 
   sidebar: